<i>Aedes albopictus</i> mortality in control and sentinel sites during the experiments carried out in Rome.

<p>PPF = pyriproxyfen concentration; T = mean daily temperature during experiments; Total = percentage of dead larvae/pupae over 250 third instar larvae in 10 control sites (CS) and 10 sentinel (SS), respectively.</p

Ecology and results of “auto-dissemination” experiments in an enclosed garden in Rome (Italy).

<p>a and b – views of the study area with dissemination stations and sentinel and control sites; Exp. 2.1 and Exp. 2.2: frequencies (%) of dead <i>Aedes albopictus</i> larvae/pupae (in black) and of emerged adults (in white) in the first and second experiment carried out in the study area with 5% pyriproxyfen powder; sentinel sites are numbered accordingly to <a href="http://www.plosntds.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pntd.0001793#pntd-0001793-g004" target="_blank">Figure 4</a>.</p

Results of mixed effect logistic regression analysis on data obtained in Verano Cemetery, Rome.

<p>The model takes into account the effect of: the treatment (i.e, sentinel, SS, <i>versus</i> control, CS, sites), the replicates (i.e. Exp 1.1 and Exp 1.2) and the interaction between treatment and replicates on pyriproxyfen-related mortality. OR = odds ratio; CI = confidence interval. Statistically significant (p<0.05) odds ratios in bold.</p

Dissemination station (DS) used for “auto-dissemination” experiments in Rome.

<p>a – whole DS; b – higher and lower parts of DS, where arrow indicates black cotton cloth dusted with powdered pyriproxyfen; c – lower part of DS, where arrow indicates the net placed above the water level to prevent mosquitoes contacting with water.</p

Fitted values (GAMM) of <i>Aedes albopictus</i> female abundance in metropolitan and sub-urban/rural environments in Rome.

<p>Left column = Metropolitan Environment; right column = Sub-Urban/Rural Environment. Fitted mosquito values (Z-axis) = fitted values of females/station/week. A: interaction between Vegetation Covers at 20 m and at 300 m buffers (scaled to the 0–1 interval) conditional to Days of the Year (DoY, considered at its mean values); B: interaction between Vegetation Cover at 20m and DoY conditional to vegetation cover at 300m (considered at mean values); C: interaction between Vegetation Cover at 300m and DoY conditional to Vegetation Cover at 20m (considered at mean values). Variables presented on the original scale (i.e. not centred).</p

Overall mortality (%) in sentinel and control sites during the four experiments carried out in Rome.

<p>Experiment 1.1: 0,5% pyriproxyfen concentration; experiments 1.2, 2.1, 2.2: 5% pyriproxyfen concentration. Orange circles: sentinel sites numbered accordingly to <a href="http://www.plosntds.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pntd.0001793#pntd-0001793-g002" target="_blank">Figures 2</a> and <a href="http://www.plosntds.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pntd.0001793#pntd-0001793-g003" target="_blank">3</a>. Blue squares: control sites.</p

Plots of predicted mean <i>Aedes albopictus</i> abundance as a function of water leftover in sticky traps.

<p>Predictions in untreated and treated sites based on GLMM-3. X-axis = water leftover after 72 hours (5 dl initial water level; values>5 dl due to rainfall and/or artificial watering); Y-axis = predicted mean abundance in sticky traps; solid lines = predicted mean value; dashed lines = 95% confidence intervals.</p

Expected effectiveness of insecticide sprayings in study area based on mortality observed in caged mosquitoes.

<p>(A) Expected <i>Aedes albopictus</i> adult mortality modelled as a function of the distance between the cages and the insecticide treatments (T2-T8), as predicted by GLMM-2. Central solid line = fitted values determined by the intercept and distance effect (fixed part); dashed lines = 95% confidence interval; grey area = uncertainty in predicted values due to variations in random terms (date and cage locations); circles = observed mortality values in validation cages (VC-1 and VC-2, 13m and 41m distant from spraying, respectively), either statistically different (empty circles) or non-statistically different (filled circles) from values simulated by GLMM-2. (B) Spatialized expected mosquito mortality modelled as a function of distance taken from binomial GLMM-2 result (fixed part) (central solid line in panel A). Lines of black stars = mosquito cages at 10, 30, 50 and 70 m from insecticide spraying. VC-1 and VC-2 = cages inside treated area used for GLMM-2 validation. Background: OpenStreetMap data rendered with Landscape style, by <a href="http://opencyclemap.org/" target="_blank">opencyclemap.org</a>, Map data OpenStreetMap contributors, CC BY-SA 2.0.</p

Results of GAMM of <i>Aedes albopictus</i> female abundance in metropolitan vs. sub-urban/rural environments.

<p>Results of GAMM of <i>Aedes albopictus</i> female abundance in metropolitan vs. sub-urban/rural environments.</p

Results of GLMM of <i>Aedes albopictus</i> female abundance in metropolitan vs. sub-urban/rural environments during the first and second phases of highest abundance.

<p>Results of GLMM of <i>Aedes albopictus</i> female abundance in metropolitan vs. sub-urban/rural environments during the first and second phases of highest abundance.</p