Effect of L-NAME (100 μM) on the concentration—response curve of ACh in aortic rings from SHAM, SHAM-TRA, OVX and OVX-TRA: area under the curve (dAUC %).

<p>* p<0.05 OVX and OVX-TRA vs. SHAM and SHAM-TRA;</p><p>^# p<0.05 OVX-TRA vs. OVX. dAUC are expressed as a percentage of the corresponding AUC for L-NAME aortic rings.</p><p>Effect of L-NAME (100 μM) on the concentration—response curve of ACh in aortic rings from SHAM, SHAM-TRA, OVX and OVX-TRA: area under the curve (dAUC %).</p

Representative images of aortic slices from SHAM, SHAM-TRA, OVX and OVX-TRA rats, in the absence (upper panel) and presence (lower panel) of the superoxide dismutase mimetic, MnTMPyP (A). Quantification of fluorescence intensity emitted by DHE oxidation in aortic slices in the absence and presence of the MnTMPyP as an indicative of reactive oxygen species in SHAM, SHAM-TRA, OVX and OVX-TRA rats (B).

<p>The numbers shown in bars represent the number of animals analyzed in each group. Results are expressed as means±SEM. Two-way ANOVA: *p<0.01 in comparison to SHAM, # p<0.01 in comparison to OVX.</p

Anthropometric and Hemodynamic data from SHAM, SHAM-TRA, OVX and OVX-TRA rats.

<p>* p<0.05 OVX and OVX-TRA vs. SHAM and SHAM-TRA;</p><p>^# p<0.05 OVX-TRA vs. OVX,</p><p>^$ p<0.05 OVX-TRA vs. SHAM.</p><p>Anthropometric and Hemodynamic data from SHAM, SHAM-TRA, OVX and OVX-TRA rats.</p

Effect of L-NAME (100 μM) on the concentration—response curve of ACh in aortic rings from SHAM vs SHAM-TRA (A) and OVX vs OVX-TRA (B).

<p>The numbers shown in the graphs represent the number of animals analyzed in each group. Results are expressed as means±SEM. Two-way ANOVA: & p<0.01 in comparison to control; *p<0.01 in comparison to SHAM, # p<0.01 in comparison to OVX.</p

Concentration—response curve to acetylcholine (A) and sodium nitroprusside (B) in aortic rings from SHAM, SHAM-TRA, OVX and OVX-TRA.

<p>The numbers shown in the legend represent the number of animals analyzed in each group. Results are expressed as means±SEM. Two-way ANOVA: *p<0.01 in comparison to SHAM, # p<0.01 in comparison to OVX.</p

Tissue Doppler imaging data of mitral and tricuspid annulus data obtained by transesophageal echocardiography.

<p>Va1ues are mean ± SD.</p><p>W = Wistar; SAD = sinoaortic denervation; SHR = spontaneously hypertensive rats; SHRSAD = spontaneously hypertensive rats with sinoaortic denervation.</p><p>S’ = peak velocity of systolic velocity obtained by tissue Doppler imaging; E’ = peak velocity of early diastolic velocity obtained by tissue Doppler imaging; A’ = peak velocity of late diastolic velocity obtained by tissue Doppler imaging.</p>a<p>p<0.05 vs. W, ^bp<0.05 vs. SAD, and ^cp<0.05 vs. SHR.</p

Interdisciplinary Therapy and Decrease of Cardiovascular Overload in Obese Patients

<div><p>Abstract Background: Association between obesity, interdisciplinary therapy and intense physical exercise was described for obese patients. However, the study of physical activities representing daily tasks and cardiovascular risk in everyday activities becomes necessary to verify the occurrence of this association. Objective: To investigate whether a period of 18 weeks of interdisciplinary therapy is capable of promoting benefits in cardiovascular parameters at rest and during exercise in obese adults. Methods: Sample of 32 individuals of both sexes with body mass index of 30 to 39.9 kg/m2 and age between 30 and 50 years. Intervention with interdisciplinary therapy (physical education, psychology, nutrition and physiotherapy), duration of 18 weeks and measurement of anthropometric data of body mass, height, waist and hip circumferences, maximum exercise ergometer evaluation before and after the therapy period. Results: Interdisciplinary therapy decreased systolic blood pressure (SBP): 125.83 ± 9.86 (baseline) vs 120.28 ± 16.82 (final), heart rate (HR): 74.75 ± 11.02 (baseline) ) Vs 72.77 ± 10.72 (final), and double-product (DP) at rest. Reduced also during the submaximal PAS stress stages 1: 143.44 ± 9.28 (baseline) vs 131.56 ± 15.26; Stage 2: 152.23 ± 21.91 (baseline) vs. 141.56 ± 17.43 (final), PAD stage 2: 89.89 ± 9.58 (baseline) vs 83.13 ± 9.65 (final) , FC stage 1: 118.40 ± 12.90 (baseline) vs 110.87 ± 7.66 (final); Stage 2: 137.09 ± 16.54 (baseline) vs 130.37 ± 11.51 (final) and the PD referring to the initial stages. Conclusion: Interdisciplinary therapy reduced the overload of the cardiovascular system at rest and submaximal effort in obese adults, optimizing rest and daily activities.</p></div

Blood pressure, heart rate, baroreflex sensitivity and cardiovascular autonomic modulation of normotensive and hypertensive groups.

<p>Va1ues are mean ± SD.</p><p>W = Wistar; SAD = sinoaortic denervation; SHR = spontaneously hypertensive rats; SHRSAD = spontaneously hypertensive rats with sinoaortic denervation.</p><p>HR = heart rate; PI = pulse interval; SD PI = standard deviation of pulse interval; SBP = systolic blood pressure; SD SBP = standard deviation of systolic blood pressure; PIV = pulse interval variance; LF (ms²) = low-frequency band of heart rate variability; HF (ms²) = high-frequency band of heart rate variability; LF band (%) = low-frequency band of heart rate variability; HF band (%) = high-frequency band of heart rate variability; SBPV = SBP variability; LF SBP (mmHg²) = low frequency band of SBPV; BRI = bradycardic response index; TRI = tachycardic response index;</p>a<p>p<0.05 vs. W, ^bp<0.05 vs. SAD, and ^cp<0.05 vs. SHR.</p

Transesophageal echocardiography of spontaneously hypertensive rats showing right ventricle (RV) (A), tricuspid inflow (B) and tissue Doppler imaging of the tricuspid annulus (C).

<p>Transesophageal echocardiography of spontaneously hypertensive rats showing right ventricle (RV) (A), tricuspid inflow (B) and tissue Doppler imaging of the tricuspid annulus (C).</p

Volumes and ejection fraction of the right ventricle, and biventricular diastolic function data obtained by transesophageal echocardiography.

<p>Va1ues are mean ± SD.</p><p>W = Wistar; SAD = sinoaortic denervation; SHR = spontaneously hypertensive rats; SHRSAD = spontaneously hypertensive rats with sinoaortic denervation.</p><p>FE VD = right ventricular ejection fraction; E/A = ratio of peak velocity of E and A waves of mitral or tricuspid inflow; DT = deceleration time of E wave; IVRT = isovolumic relaxation time of LV; AFF = atrial filling fraction.</p>a<p>p<0.05 vs. W, ^bp<0.05 vs. SAD and ^cp<0.05 vs. SHR.</p