Regression analyses between immunological and virological parameters in infected monkeys during the acute phase of SHIV_SF162P4cy infection.

<p>A significant relationship was detected between: A) IL-10 production and plasma viral load (p = 0.0023); B) α-defensins production and viral RNA (p = 0.0286); C) IFNγ and IL-10 production (p<0.0001). D) AUC: significant relationship between viral load and α-defensins (p = 0.0002).</p

Dynamics of viral infection in 21 cynomolgus monkeys inoculated with SHIV_SF162P4cy during acute (2–4 weeks p.i.), post-acute (8–16 weeks p.i.) of infection.

<p>Data represent mean values with standard error of log plasma RNA load, log proviral DNA, IgG anti-Env Ab, and nAb from 0 to 16 weeks p.i. (*) week 4: anti-Env bAb titers correlated positively with viral load (p = 0.0002); (**) week 16: nAb titers correlated positively with anti-Env bAb titers (p = 0.0041); (***) post-acute phase: proviral DNA levels correlated positively with anti-Env bAb (p = 0.0225) and negatively with nAb titers (p = 0.0083).</p

Effects of MHC class I<i>A</i> and II haplotypes on IL-10 and α-defensin production during SHIV_SF162P4cy infection.

<p>Mean values with standard error are depicted for all animals positive or negative for the indicated haplotype: M3 (n = 9) non-M3 (n = 12) class I<i>A</i>; M3 (n = 13) non-M3 (n = 8) class II.</p

Frequency of MHC class IA, class IB and class II and recombinant haplotypes in animals included in the study.

<p>Animals carrying specific Mhc class I haplotypes. MHC class IA: M1 = 7, M2 = 5, M3 = 9, M4 = 6, M5 = 1, M6 = 2, M7 = 4, rec = 6; frequency of MHC class IB: M1 = 9, M2 = 5, M3 = 11, M4 = 7, M5 = 1, M6 = 3, M7 = 4, rec = 1; frequency of MHC class II: M1 = 9, M2 = 4, M3 = 13, M4 = 6, M5 = 1, M6 = 4, M7 = 3, rec = 2 <i>rec</i> recombinant haplotype.</p

Plasma α-defensin, IL-10 and IFN-γ levels with respect to the pre-infection values in naïve (n = 11) and adjuvant treated monkeys (n = 10) inoculated with SHIV_SF162P4cy.

<p>No significant differences were observed between naive and adjuvant treated monkeys during the observation period. Mean values with standard deviations are connected by dotted lines.</p

Effects of MHC class I<i>A</i> and I<i>B</i> haplotypes on IgG anti-Env antibodies and neutralizing Ab following infection with SHIV_SF162P4cy.

<p>Mean values with standard error are depicted for all animals positive or negative for the indicated haplotype: M4 (n = 6) non-M4 (n = 15) class I<i>A</i>; M4 (n = 7), non-M4 (n = 14) class I<i>B</i>.</p

Entry of Tat or R5 Env-VLPs in MDDCs and block by anti-integrin antibodies.

<p>(<b>A</b>) Entry of wt Tat into MDDCs from 3–10 different donors (depending on the anti-integrin mAbs used), in the presence of mAbs against the indicated integrins alone or combined, a control isotype mAb, or nil (buffer). (<b>B</b>) Entry of cys₂₂ Tat into MDDCs from 3 different donors and block by the combined anti-integrin mAbs versus an Ig control isotype mAb. The percentages of Tat positive cells +/− standard deviations are shown. (<b>C</b>) Entry of VLP-R5Env (BaL) in MDDCs in the presence of Tat and block by anti-integrin mAbs or an Ig control isotype mAb. The percentages of fluorescent cells are shown. A representative experiment out of 4 performed is shown.</p

Tat/Env complex and ternary Tat/Env/αvβ3 complex by modeling-docking calculations.

<p>(<b>A</b>) ribbon representation of the Tat/Env complex showing that the Env CD4 binding site and the RGD domain of Tat are both exposed. Color code: ΔV1-2 Env: blue; Tat: red; Tat-RGD: yellow. (<b>B</b>) Surface representation of the ternary Tat/Env/αvβ3 complex. Color code: ΔV1-2 Env: green; Tat: purple; αvβ3 integrin: grey. See experimental procedures for details.</p

Uptake of trimeric ΔV3 Env by MDDCs and block by anti-integrins mAbs.

<p>Uptake of ΔV2 Env or ΔV3 Env pre-incubated with buffer or increasing concentrations of Tat, in the presence or absence of anti-integrin mAbs (10 µg/mL each) or a control isotype mAb (30 µg/mL). Trimeric ΔV2 Env: circles; trimeric ΔV3 Env: squares. Control isotype Ab: open symbols; anti-integrin blocking mAbs combined: filled symbols.</p

Tat released by producing T cells increases entry and infection of a Tat-independent replication-incompetent SF162 pseudovirus.

<p>CEMss cells were either infected (CEMss-Tat) or not infected (CEMss) with VSV-G/HIV. After 24 h cells were co-cultured for 4 days with TZM-bl cells in the presence (TZM-bl/VP-SF162) or absence (TZM-bl) of a Tat-independent GFP-expressing single-cycle HIV-1 SF162 virus (VP/SF162), and then GFP expression evaluated by flow cytometry. Results are expressed as MFI fold increase with respect to the TZM-bl + CEMss co-culture (baseline MFI: 1.9).</p