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    Evaluaci贸n de la esterificaci贸n sobre cascarilla de arroz como estrategia para incrementar la capacidad de remoci贸n del colorante rojo b谩sico 46.

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    Con el prop贸sito de contribuir a la grave problem谩tica de contaminaci贸n de efluentes coloreados, en la presente investigaci贸n se evalu贸 la capacidad adsorbente de un material de bajo costo (cascarilla de arroz) y algunas de sus modificaciones estructurales para la remoci贸n del colorante Rojo B谩sico 46 (RB46) con el fin de proyectar su posible aplicaci贸n como material adsorbente en el dise帽o de una estrategia eficiente, econ贸mica, ambientalmente favorable y de gran inter茅s industrial para el tratamiento de este tipo de contaminantes. En particular, se increment贸 la capacidad adsortiva de este residuo a trav茅s de la esterificaci贸n de los grupos funcionales presentes en la superficie del adsorbente, lo cual permiti贸 aumentar el n煤mero de sitios activos y por tanto alcanzar una mayor retenci贸n del colorante RB46. Para ello, se implement贸 una reacci贸n de conocida utilizaci贸n, como es la esterificaci贸n con los 谩cidos tart谩rico, m谩lico y succ铆nico, generando los materiales cascarilla-谩cido tart谩rico (CAT), cascarilla-谩cido m谩lico (CAM) y cascarilla-谩cido succ铆nico (CAS) respectivamente. La comprobaci贸n de los cambios estructurales y morfol贸gicos sobre la superficie del adsorbente se confirm贸 mediante espectroscop铆a infrarroja (FTIR), microscop铆a electr贸nica de barrido (MEC), an谩lisis bromatol贸gico y la determinaci贸n del porcentaje de acetilaci贸n. Para alcanzar la m谩xima eficiencia en la remoci贸n del contaminante RB46 en un sistema en discontinuo y poder comparar el desempe帽o con los materiales modificados, se estableci贸 las mejores condiciones del proceso de adsorci贸n con la cascarilla natural mediante la generaci贸n de una superficie de respuesta con los factores tiempo de contacto, dosificaci贸n del adsorbente y concentraci贸n inicial del colorante. Estudios previos permitieron fijar las variables tama帽o de part铆cula, pH, agitaci贸n y temperatura. La cuantificaci贸n del colorante en soluci贸n se llev贸 a cabo mediante curvas de calibraci贸n construidas en el ultravioleta visible (UV-Vis) y permiti贸 establecer que los materiales modificados poseen mayor capacidad de remoci贸n frente al material natural. El ajuste a los modelos no lineales de Freundlich, Langmuir, Redlich-Peterson, SIPS y Temkin, se帽ala que el proceso para los materiales modificados es de considerable complejidad debido al mejor ajuste a los modelos combinados, sin embargo el adsorbente CAM muestra mayor preferencia que CAT hacia la monocapa. En el estudio cin茅tico, el comportamiento para los dos adsorbentes modificados se explica en su orden por el modelo de pseudo-segundo orden, Elovich y pseudo-primer orden. La evaluaci贸n termodin谩mica a trav茅s de la energ铆a libre de Gibbs, entalp铆a y entrop铆a, revela que el proceso es espont谩neo y de naturaleza f铆sica, informaci贸n valiosa que permitir谩 visualizar el escalamiento de este proceso./Abstract.In order to contribute to the serious problematic of pollution in coloured effluents, the present investigation show the evaluation of the adsorption capacity of a low-cost material (rice husk), and some of its structural modifications to the removal of the colorant Basic Red46 (RB46). The purpose of this study is to project rice husk as an absorbent material in the design of an efficient, economic, eco-friendly, and industrially interesting strategy for the treatment of this type of pollutants. Particularly, the adsorption capacity of this residue through the esterification of the functional groups present in the adsorption surface, allowed the increment of the number of active sites, and therefore helped reach a better retention of colorant RB46. For this purpose, it was necessary to implement the use of a well- recognized reaction, such as the esterification with the tartaric, malic, and succinic acids, generating materials called rice husk-tartaric acid (CAT), rice husk-malic acid (CAM) and rice husk-succinic acid (CAS) respectively. The verification of the structural and morphologic changes over the absorbent's surface was accomplished by an infrared spectroscopy (DRIFT), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), bromatological analysis and determining the percentage of acetylation. To achieve the maximum efficiency in the remotion of contaminant RB46 in a discontinuous system, and in order to be able to compare the performance with the modified materials, it was necessary to establish the best conditions to the absorption process with the natural husk by the generating a response surface using factors such as contact, dosage of the absorbent, and initial concentration of the colorant. Previous studies helped to identify the variables size of the particles, pH, agitation, and temperature as fixed. The quantification of the colorant in the solution was set by the use of calibration curves in ultraviolet visible (UV-Vis), and helped establish that the modified materials have a higher uptake capacity than the raw material. The adjustment to the nonlinear Freundlich, Langmuir, Redlich-Peterson, SIPS and Thempkin models showed that the process for the modified materials was considerably complex because of the better adjustment to the combined models; however, the CAT adsorbent showed higher preference than CAM towards the monolayer. In the kinetic study, the behavior for both modified absorbents is explained by the pseudo-second order, Elovich and pseudo-first order models The thermodynamic evaluation though Gibbs free energy, enthalpy and entropy changes revealed that the studied process is spontaneous and physical natured, valuable informa-tion that will help visualize the staggering in this process The availability of these new adsorbents (CA, CAT and CAM) opens a wide range of appli-cations related to the possibility of their implementation to design strategies of great envi-ronmental, technological and social impact focused in the treatment of dye-containing ef-fluents.Maestr铆
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