Robotic Services for New Paradigm Smart Cities Based on Decentralized Technologies

This article describes different methods of organizing robotic services for smart cities using secure encrypted decentralized technologies and market mechanisms—as opposed to models based on centralized solutions based (or not) on using cloud services and stripping citizens of the control of their own data. The basis of the proposed methods is the Ethereum decentralized computer with the mechanism of smart contracts. In this work, special attention is paid to the integration of technical and economic information into one network of transactions, which allows creating a unified way of interaction between robots—the robot economy. Three possible scenarios of robotic services for smart cities based on the economy of robots are presented: unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs), environmental monitoring, and smart factories. In order to demonstrate the feasibility of the proposed scenarios, three experiments are presented and discussed. Our work shows that the Ethereum network can provide, through smart contracts and their ability to activate programs to interact with the physical world, an effective and practical way to manage robot services for smart cities

Chemical composition of atmospheric precipitation in Russian Subarctic

The relevance of studying chemical composition of atmospheric precipitation is caused by the need to control migration and transformation of pollutants that define the surface load. The aim of the work is to summarize the measurement results of the major and minor ions of precipitation chemical composition in the Russian Polar region in 2007-2015, including the results obtained in the cooperative program of the Arctic and Antarctic Research Institute and the Voeikov Main geophysical observatory at the ice station in 2007-2008. The research methods: theoretical analysis, data comparison. The results. The authors have observed the increased content of heavy metals in precipitation in the Central Arctic. The heavy metal content reached up to 12 % of sum of ions. The maximum acidity was pH=4,7. The received values of heavy metals concentration (except nickel) in the atmospheric precipitation of the ice station didn't exceed background concentrations. The summary. The reasons of the increased content of heavy metals in the atmospheric precipitation remain almost not clear. It is necessary to organize according to the special program regular observations of acidity and chemical composition of atmospheric precipitation on the water area of the Arctic Ocean. At the same time it is necessary to expand the list of the analyzed components in atmospheric precipitation, included heavy metals in it

Chemical composition of atmospheric precipitation in Russian Subarctic

Актуальность изучения химического состава атмосферных осадков обусловлена необходимостью контроля процессов миграции и трансформации загрязняющих веществ, определяющих нагрузку на подстилающую поверхность. Целью данной работы является обобщение результатов измерений основных макро- и микропоказателей химического состава атмосферных осадков Российского Заполярья за период времени с 2007 по 2015 гг., включая результаты, полученные в ходе совместной программы Федерального государственного бюджетного учреждения Арктического и антарктического научно-исследовательского института и Федерального государственного бюджетного учреждения «Главная геофизическая обсерватория им. А.И. Воейкова» на ледовой станции СП-35 в 2007-2008 гг. Методы исследования: теоретический анализ, сопоставление и обобщение имеющихся данных наблюдений. Результаты. При самой низкой минерализации содержание микроэлементов (тяжелых металлов) составило около 12 %. Повышенное содержание тяжелых металлов в Центральной Арктике наблюдается и при более высокой сумме ионов, а максимальная кислотность атмосферных осадков соответствует величине рН=4,7. Полученные значения концентраций тяжелых металлов (свинца и кадмия) в атмосферных осадках ледовой станции СП-35 не превышали среднегодовые фоновые концентрации. Выводы. Причины повышенного содержания тяжелых металлов в пробах атмосферных осадков остаются практически неясными. Очевидна настоятельная необходимость не только продолжить, но и организовать по специальной программе регулярные наблюдения за кислотностью и химическим составом атмосферных осадков на акватории Северного Ледовитого океана. При этом следует расширить перечень компонентов, анализируемых в атмосферных осадках, включив в него тяжелые металлы.The relevance of studying chemical composition of atmospheric precipitation is caused by the need to control migration and transformation of pollutants that define the surface load. The aim of the work is to summarize the measurement results of the major and minor ions of precipitation chemical composition in the Russian Polar region in 2007-2015, including the results obtained in the cooperative program of the Arctic and Antarctic Research Institute and the Voeikov Main geophysical observatory at the ice station in 2007-2008. The research methods: theoretical analysis, data comparison. The results. The authors have observed the increased content of heavy metals in precipitation in the Central Arctic. The heavy metal content reached up to 12 % of sum of ions. The maximum acidity was pH=4,7. The received values of heavy metals concentration (except nickel) in the atmospheric precipitation of the ice station didn't exceed background concentrations. The summary. The reasons of the increased content of heavy metals in the atmospheric precipitation remain almost not clear. It is necessary to organize according to the special program regular observations of acidity and chemical composition of atmospheric precipitation on the water area of the Arctic Ocean. At the same time it is necessary to expand the list of the analyzed components in atmospheric precipitation, included heavy metals in it