Effects of the Economic Crisis on Serbian Macroeconomics

Breaking news that seek to draw attention to the global crisis on its last legs (eg price per barrel of crude oil on the New York Stock Exchange and the price of Brent oil from the London Stock Exchange recorded a sharp decline), suggest that it is not superfluous to elaborate on the elements of the global financial crisis and its fundamental elements. The United States in 2007. years have shaken major financial crisis caused by problems in the mortgage market. A huge number of the debtor was unable to repay their loan obligations and U.S. banking giants had big expectations for earnings just on these loans, they found themselves at the edge of bankruptcy. However, the crisis did not stop only on the mortgage loan, but is still manifesting itself as the trigger which caused a domino effect on the U.S. financial market. Detailed retrospective of the events shows that the U.S. during 90th years experience of real economic growth and reinforce its position as the most powerful economic countries in the world. As such, the U.S. has become the safest place to invest capital and huge sums of money, and counted billions of dollars are continously streamed into the United States. This led to the illusion that capital inflows into U.S. economy will be a constant and can enter into risky investments, which in the case of success brought incredible profits. However, the crisis of the U.S. housing market, which has already brought thousands of American citizens lose the roof over their heads, but also caused a devastating crisis in the financial market around the world, will probably be remembered as the worst financial crisis ever in the history of the United States. The begining of the crisis caused by relaxed lending policies of the U.S. banks, which were in 2001. have started to grant mortgage loans to people with lower credit rating, at the time when the U.S. housing market recorded the great expansion. But the basic reason for such a high-risk transactions that were taking on U.S. banks can hardly be a concern for the vulnerable groups. The reason, primarily to be found in the fact that U.S. Bank mortgage loans seen as one of the most important sources of income in the future

Preliminary Design of Slender Reinforced Concrete Highway Bridge Pier Systems

Feasible span-to-depth ratios for many modern bridge systems have been identified and documented in literature. No such parameters have been adequately identified in terms of proportioning bridge piers. This thesis includes a study of 22 existing reinforced concrete highway bridges and their respective pier systems to determine the state-of-the-art in design. The effect of different geometric and material parameters such as concrete strength, reinforcement ratio and slenderness ratio on the structural behavior of individual piers and multiple pier systems was examined. Approximate methods, which may be used for the purposes of preliminary design are discussed and reviewed. Serviceability and ultimate limit states design aids that can be used to identify appropriate preliminary cross-sectional pier dimensions and reinforcement ratios for individual piers given various slenderness ratios were developed. The structural behavior as well as an approach to the preliminary design of multiple pier bridge systems is presented.MAS