Conocimientos sobre anticoncepción en mujeres menores de 20 años

Many teenagers start having sex without having received accurate information about sexuality and reproductive health. This lack of information is responsible for the high incidence of unplanned pregnancies and sexually transmitted diseases that are currently reported. There are many medical risks associated with early pregnancy, so it is important to conduct studies on the knowledge that teens have about contraception, and the consequences of a pregnancy at this stage of life. Sex education is to prepare the new generations for love, marriage and family, so it must be part of the education of the whole personality, with participation of the community.Muchos adolescentes comienzan a tener relaciones sexuales sin haber recibido información exacta sobre la sexualidad y la salud reproductiva; esta falta de información es responsable de la alta incidencia de embarazos no planificados y de enfermedades de transmisión sexual que se informan en la actualidad. Son numerosos los riesgos médicos asociados con el embarazo precoz, por lo que es importante realizar estudios sobre el conocimiento que los adolescentes tienen sobre métodos anticonceptivos y las consecuencias de un embarazo en esta etapa de la vida. La educación sexual consiste en preparar a las nuevas generaciones para el amor, el matrimonio y la familia, por lo que debe formar parte de la educación integral de la personalidad, con participación de la comunidad

Regulación menstrual en mujeres menores de 20 años

The practice of abortion has accompanied mankind since time immemorial. It is the oldest method known to man to end an unwanted pregnancy. An abortion is the termination of pregnancy in the first 20 weeks or the expulsion of the product of conception that weighs less than 500g. Menstrual regulation has been used for birth control. Among the factors influencing pregnancy in women under 20 years of age it is the non-use of contraception or its failure. Menstrual regulation is more frequent between 14-16 years of age and in those that have no steady partner. The most common causes that motivate pregnancy termination are: continue studying, contraceptive failure, work, marital instability and family problems. It is important to give a warning to the Ministries of Education and Health to promote sexual education in the curriculum at all levels of education to avoid this procedure.La práctica del aborto acompaña a la humanidad desde épocas inmemoriales; el aborto es el método más antiguo conocido por el hombre para terminar un embarazo no deseado y es la interrupción de la gestación en las primeras 20 semanas o la expulsión del producto de la concepción con un peso menor de 500g. La regulación menstrual ha sido utilizada para el control de la natalidad. Entre los factores que influyen en el embarazo en menores de 20 años se encuentra la no utilización de métodos anticonceptivos o su fallo; la regulación menstrual es más frecuente en jóvenes entre 14-16 años que no tienen pareja estable y las causas más frecuentes que motivan la interrupción del embarazo son la continuación de los estudios, el fallo del anticonceptivo, trabajar, la inestabilidad matrimonial y los problemas familiares. Es importante dar un alerta a los Ministerios de Educación y Salud para fomentar la educación sexual como programa de estudio en todos los niveles de enseñanza para evitar este procedimiento

Heterogeneous tumor vasculature in retinoblastoma: implications for vessel targeting therapy

The aim of this study is to correlate tumor size of retinoblastoma tumor samples with blood vessel maturation to assess how these factors may affect vessel targeting therapy. Analysis was performed on retinoblastoma tumor specimens (n = 5) enucleated as primary treatment from May 2005 to February 2006. Tumor size was measured as the largest cross sectional area of the tumor, measured during pathologic assessment. Vessel density and heterogeneity was measured by immunohistochemical analysis. Total microvessel density was detected by staining endothelial cells using a lectin from Bandeira simplicifolia; novel vasculature was detected with the endothelial cell marker endoglin (CD105). Blood vessel basement membrane was detected with an antibody against type IV collagen. Vessel maturation was assessed by pericyte recruitment, detected with alpha smooth muscle actin (alpha-sma). A statistically significant correlation was detected between tumor burden and age at enucleation (P = 0.008). All retinoblastoma tumor samples harbored a high degree of blood vessel heterogeneity containing both immature neovessels as well as pericyte-committed mature vasculature. There was a statistically significant correlation between type IV collagen and age at enucleation (P = 0.045). This study provides a framework for a better understanding of tumor and vessel development in retinoblastoma. Results of this study provide insight into the relationship between age and tumor burden in these tumors. Knowledge of the degree of heterogeneity detected in these tumors will aid in the selection of novel blood vessel targeting strategies for children with this disease and other diseases with pathologic neovascularization

Pediatric nasopharyngeal carcinoma with retinal metastasis

To report an unusual case of nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) metastatic to the lungs and retina. To our knowledge, this is the first report of retinal metastasis from NPC. Observational case report. We studied the case of a 15-year-old boy who had been recently diagnosed with metastatic NPC and was referred for evaluation of a suspicious retinal lesion in the right eye. Clinical examination and fundus photography showed an amelanotic, 1-disk-area infiltration in the retina along the inferotemporal arcade that was suggestive of metastatic disease. The lesion was small and irregularly shaped by echographic examination, and a nodular area of retinal thickening was seen by optical coherence tomography. Pathologic analysis of lung biopsy and nasopharynx biopsy specimens revealed undifferentiated NPC. Retinal metastases need to be considered in the differential diagnosis of patients presenting with NPC and vision changes

Photodynamic therapy and vitrectomy for a large optic nerve hemangioma with neovascularization and retinal detachment: a clinicopathologic correlation

To report the clinicopathologic correlation of a young man with a von Hippel-Lindau disease-associated peripapillary hemangioblastoma and its satisfactory response to a combination of photodynamic therapy (PDT) and vitrectomy. Clinicopathologic correlation. We studied the case of a 14-year-old boy with an optic nerve mass and large inferior exudative retinal detachment complicated by a significant tractional component from extensive secondary neovascularization over the lesion. A juxtapapillary hemangioblastoma with secondary neovascularization was documented by clinical examination, fundus photography, and optical coherence tomography. A von Hippel-Lindau gene mutation was detected. The patient responded satisfactorily to a combination of PDT and vitrectomy. A staged approach to treatment of peripapillary hemangioblastoma with a combination of PDT and vitrectomy may be favorable to therapy with one modality

Bilateral ocular manifestations of aggressive cutaneous metastatic melanoma

PURPOSETo report an unusual case of aggressive cutaneous malignant melanoma metastatic to both eyes. The case is also remarkable for differences from the bilateral diffuse uveal melanocytic proliferation syndrome (BDUMP).DESIGNObservational case report.METHODSThe authors studied the case of a 56-year-old man with decreased vision and floaters in the left eye. He recently had been diagnosed with metastatic cutaneous malignant melanoma.RESULTSClinical examination, fundus photography, and ultrasonography revealed widespread metastases to the choroid, ciliary body, iris, and eyelid. A-scan revealed medium internal reflectivity of a collar-button lesion in the ciliary body, consistent with metastatic disease.CONCLUSIONSDespite the rarity of BDUMP and bilateral intraocular malignant cutaneous or uveal melanoma metastases, these diagnoses should be considered when diffuse bilateral melanocytic lesions are present. Ultrasonography and metastatic workup are critically important to help distinguish these disease entities