Becoming a Novice Smoker: Initial Smoking Behaviours among Jor danian Psychiatric Nurses

A better understanding of how male Jordanian psychiatric nurses become smokers and continue the habit mainly at work is necessary if smoking reduction and cessation programs are to help them better manage their smoking behaviours. Here we use a grounded theory approach to describe the factors that influenced the eight nurses in our sample to take up smoking. We use five categories derived from open coding to explain the initial stage in the smoking histories of the nurses. We situate our account of becoming a novice smoker within the contextualizing smoking behaviours over time theory we developed from our study. Finally, we relate the substantive findings we report here to the theoretical perspectives of symbolic interactionism and transtheoretical theory

Nicotine Vaccines for Smoking Prevention and Treatment from Utilitarian and Deontological Ethical Perspectives

Nicotine vaccines are a new prevention and treatment method for smoking addiction. They are promoted as a method to cease smoking among those who smoke and possibly prevent this behaviour from taking place among those who do not smoke. However, offering these vaccines to adults, adolescents, and children will undoubtedly raise an ethical debate among policy-makers, health professionals, and the public. This paper discusses the possibility of using nicotine vaccines treat and prevent smoking among adults/children/adolescents through the lenses of two ethical theories: utilitarianism and deontology (Kantianism). From an utilitarian perspective, nicotine vaccines are good for society because they provide the greatest benefit for the greatest number of individuals. Authors perceive them as a healthy ethical choice to prevent and treat smoking. And, from the deontological perspective, nicotine vaccines are justified because individuals can prevent the harm of nicotine addiction by choosing vaccines or any other smoking prevention and treatment methods

The Promising Health Promotion Role of Advanced Practice Nurses in the Sultanate of Oman

Background: Health promotion contributes significantly to enhancing population awareness and improving their knowledge of wellness and illness. Advanced practice nurses (APNs) play a major role in lifestyle modification, treatment regimen, coordination of care, individual patient care and health promotion. The Omani health care system has seen changes in epidemiology from communicable diseases to non-communicable diseases. The title of APNs is still not conceptualized enough in Oman, and the role of APNs in Oman is still not well-known.  Aim: this paper aims to discuss the expected and the promising role of APNs in health promotion in the Sultanate of Oman. Method: Both published and grey literature and reports were reviewed to draw a roadmap for the expected role of APNs in Oman. Result: APNs in Oman have many health promotion competencies that qualify them professionally and ethically to play an important role in promoting health and preventing diseases in Omani society. Conclusion: Preparing, recruiting, and engaging APNs in the Omani health care system is important for optimizing Omanis' health and preventing diseases.&nbsp

Applied Health Services Research as a Framework for Patient-Oriented Research: A Suggested Framework for Health Care Researchers

Engaging the general population in the research process provides new visions that may lead to innovations and research that are relevant to patients. Many developed countries like Canada are working toward engaging the population in healthcare research to achieve outcomes pertaining to enhanced accountability, transparency, and population empowerment in research. For example, Canada created Canada's Strategy for Patient-Oriented Research (SPOR) (Canadian Institute of Health Research [CIHR], 2011) to empower the patient's role in health research and the healthcare system.  However, there appears to be a gap in the literature because few studies or reports could be found on how applied health services research might be used as a framework for patient-oriented research. The aims of these authors in this paper are to (1) discuss how the applied health services research (AHSR) can be used as a framework for patient-oriented research (POR); and (2) describe salient challenges and potential outcomes that may result from implementing applied health research as a framework for patient-oriented research. This is a multidimensional framework for patient engagement using AHSR as a framework for POR as they have shared crossover research aspects between them. Conducting POR at different levels of AHSR reduces the gap between health research and practice, and empower patients to be responsible for their own health and health services (Gooberman-Hill et al., 2013). The multidisciplinary nature of AHSR and POR may face challenges related to research interests, patients, patient involvement, environmental/ organizational regulations and policies, and research culture

The Lived Experiences of Middle Eastern Immigrant Women During Their Cancer Survivorship Journey: A Phenomenological Study

The number of Middle Eastern immigrant women (MEIW) living in Canada has significantly increased. However, this group of women is underrepresented in health research and there is a gap in knowledge of their cancer survivorship experiences in Canada. This phenomenological qualitative approach was employed to uncover the meaning of the lived experiences of MEIW during their cancer survivorship journey (CSJ). Data were collected through unstructured interviews and one written description from three MEIW. The participants\u27 perspectives of cancer risk factors were believed to be the cause of their cancer, and their CSJ was fear-inducing and anxiety-provoking. There appears to be similar and homogenous lived experiences among the participants. Participants showed that their own cancer survivorship experiences were shaped by mutual contributions from different factors and circumstances. Importantly, when they talked about their experiences, they related their personal, familial, cultural and immigrational, gender, economics, social support, self-image, and other associated factors that contributed to their illness and wellness. Healthcare professionals need to identify immigrant women\u27s unmet needs of support and psychosocial responses during their CSJ. Language-specific and culturally competent cancer-care intervention programs need development within the Canadian healthcare system

Philosophical Roots of Classical Grounded Theory: Its Foundations in Symbolic Interactionism

Although many researchers have discussed the historical relationship between the Grounded Theory methodology and Symbolic Interactionism, they have not clearly articulated the congruency of their salient concepts and assumptions. The purpose of this paper is to provide a thorough discussion of this congruency. A hypothetical example about smoking among college students is included in this paper to illustrate this relationship. This paper will be useful for qualitative researchers who seek a fuller understanding of how the assumptions and concepts provided by Symbolic Interactionism can inform the researcher who adopts a Grounded Theory methodology to investigate human behaviour. The relevance of this congruency for nursing researchers is discussed

Data Saturation: The Mysterious Step In Grounded Theory Method

The aim of this paper is to provide a discussion that is broad in both depth and breadth, about the concept of data saturation in Grounded Theory. It is expected that this knowledge will provide a helpful resource for (a) the novice researcher using a Grounded Theory approach, or for (b) graduate students currently enrolled in a qualitative research course, and for (c) instructors who teach or supervise qualitative research projects. The following topics are discussed in this paper: (1) definition of data saturation in Grounded Theory (GT); (2) factors pertaining to data saturation; (3) factors that hinder data saturation; (4) the relationship between theoretical sampling and data saturation; (5) the relationship between constant comparative and data saturation; and (6) illustrative examples of strategies used during data collection to maximize the components of rigor that Yonge and Stewin (1988) described as Credibility, Transferability or Fittingness, Dependability or Auditability, and Confirmability

Quantitative and Qualitative Research Report Critique by Nursing Students: Why and How to Conduct it?

Background: Critiquing research is one of the core skills that nursing students must learn for several professional reasons. This is particularly important because it helps them to: apply evidence-based interventions that enhance patient care, reduce variation in nursing care, perform quality assurance principles, further their knowledge about the most efficient and cost-effective intervention, contribute to research by identifying gaps in the literature, further patient advocacy by ensuring the research was ethically conducted, protect human rights and enhance their critical thinking and analytical skills. Aim:  The aim of publishing this report is to provide a tool of reference for incoming nursing students when attempting their own research critiques for the first time. Method: The main literature sources used to guide our critique analysis included multiple resources provided by our course professor and Fain’s (2017) textbook titled: "Reading, Understanding and Applying Nursing Research". Conclusion:  Through the process of critiquing research reports, we developed our critical thinking skills on how best to use and interpret future studies in our other projects and in our nursing roles, as well as enhancing our explicit and tacit knowledge surrounding the validation of research before implementing it into practice. This ability to constructively critique research proves to be an asset to both novice and more seasoned nurses and to continue to support positive outcomes for those who come into contact with the healthcare system. &nbsp

The Perception of Staff Nurses and their Experience with the Critical Care Outreach Team in Oman: A Descriptive Correlational Study

Previous research indicated the benefits of the Critical Care Outreach Team (CCOT) in improving patients' health outcomes; however, in Oman, there is a dearth of evidence examining the perceptions of nurses regarding the Critical Care Outreach Team as well as its effectiveness. This study aimed to explore staff nurses' perceptions about the CCOT services in Oman and to explore the relationship between the staff's demographics (age, education, and years of work experience) and their call status to the CCOT services. A valid and reliable questionnaire that includes 19 items and a 5- point Likert scale format submitted online via Survey Monkey to the ward staff nurses who work in the area where Critical Care Outreach Team service is provided. One open-ended question was added to the questionnaire to collect qualitative data. SPSS was used to analyze the quantitative data while the qualitative data emerged to support the quantitative findings. A total of 91 participants completed the questionnaire; nurses perceived the CCOT as accessible, approachable and effective in recognizing deterioration, thereby reducing serious events; providing teaching and coaching to staff; helping in referring the patient to allied health and improving patient management on the ward. There was no significant correlation between participant demographic variables such as age (p = 0.616), gender (p = 0.370) or years of experience (p = 0.243) and educational level on the call status to CCOT services. The quantitative perception was supported and explained qualitatively by participants' direct quotations when they answered the open-ended question. It is concluded that nurses in Oman perceived CCOT positively, which indicates that the existence of CCOT in hospitals of Oman is necessary, important and effective in enhancing the patients' outcomes and helping provide teaching and couch for other nurses.  &nbsp

SURGICAL SITE INFECTIONS OF PATIENTS FOLLOWING AN ABDOMINAL HYSTERECTOMY: A LITERATURE REVIEW

Surgical site infections (SSIs) are the most common complication resulting from surgical procedures. As they impact patient recovery, well-being, and the health care system, SSIs cost time and money. Researchers have identified a number of factors influencing the causation and prevention of SSIs. The purpose of this paper is to examine the literature in regard to factors that have an impact on the incidence of SSI. A review of the literature was guided by the following PICO question: "In women undergoing abdominal hysterectomy, what are the most effective interventions to be used in a standardized care plan, when compared to current practice with varied and undefined interventions, in reduction of surgical site infection?". Four key variables were identified that either influence the incidence of SSI, or are important in shaping policy concerns regarding SSI. The most evident interventions were prophylactic antibiotics and preoperative washing. The findings from literature regarding dressings remain inconclusive in the reduction of SSI incidence. Furthermore, the findings for obese women showing a higher risk for SSI remain inconclusive, but specialized interventions can be used for this group. These findings help to bring further attention to how research in these key areas can improve future nursing practice