SRF Cavity Simulator For LLRF Algorithms Debugging

The availability of niobium superconducting cavities, either due to a lack of a real cavity or due to the time needed for the experiment set up vacuum, cryogenics, cabling, etc. , is limited, and thus it can block or delay the development of new algorithms such as low level RF control. Hardware in the loop simulations, where an actual cavity is replaced by an electronics system, can help to solve this issue. In this paper we present a Cavity Simulator implemented in a National Instruments PXI equipped with an FPGA module. This module operates with one intermediate frequency input which is IQ demodulated and fed to the electrical cavity s model, where the transmitted and reflected voltages are calculated and IQ modulated to generate two intermediate frequency outputs. Some more advanced features such as mechanical vibration modes driven by Lorentz force detuning or external microphonics have also been implemented. This Cavity Simulator is planned to be connected to an mTCA chassis to close the loop with a LLRF control syste

Virtual SRF Cavity Testing SRF Cavity Support Systems Without the Hassle of Liquid Helium and Klystrons

Setting up and debugging SRF support systems, such as LLRF control, quench detection, microphonics and Lorentz force detuning control, etc., often requires extensive time spent operating the cavities. This results in time consuming and costly operation. Early into the development stages the actual cavity system may not even be available. It is therefore highly desirable to pre evaluate these systems under realistic conditions prior to final testing with the SRF cavities. We devised an FPGA based virtual cavity that takes a regular low level RF input and generates the signals for RF power reflection, transmission and detuning that mimic the response of a real cavity system. As far as the user is concerned, the response is the same as for a real cavity. This black box model includes mechanical modes, Lorentz force detuning, a field depended quality factor, quenches and variable input coupling and is currently being expanded. We present the model and show some applications for operating the quench detection, LLRF and microphonics control for 1.3 GHz bERLinPro cavities. The same system can be used for other cavity types, including normal conducting cavitie

Superconducting Radio frequency Virtual Cavity for Control Algorithms Debugging

Superconducting radio frequency cavities are one of the most important elements in modern particle accel erators as they are used for beam acceleration, bunch manipulation, bunch focusing and defocusing, etc. Nevertheless, the availability of these complex structures prior to their installation in the accelerator is lim ited, either due to a lack of a real cavity or due to the time needed for the experiment set up vacuum, cryogenics, cabling, etc. , and thus it can block or delay the development of new algorithms such as low level RF control, quench detection, etc. In this paper, we present a hardware virtual cavity to be used in hardware in the loop simulations. The system implements a cavity electrical model for the transmitted and re ected voltages and more advanced features such as mechanical vibration modes driven by Lorentz force detuning or external microphonics, hard quenches and Q slope. As viewed from the RF input and output, this virtual cavity acts like a real superconducting radio frequency SRF cavity and can replace such a system in early stage debugging and operation of ancillary control system

Perspectives on the Feasibility of Using Enzymes for Pharmaceutical Removal in Wastewater

This particular chapter spotlights the growing environmental concerns and hazardous consequences of numerous organic contaminants so-called emerging contaminants (ECs). These ECs are being detected, though in different quantities, in different environmental matrices and wastewater treatment systems. With ever-increasing awareness, people are now more concerned about the wide-spread distribution of pharmaceutically related active compounds in water matrices. In turn, the free flow of ECs in water matrices poses notable adverse effects on human, aquatic animals, and naturally occurring plants, even at very small concentrations. Due to inadequacies and ineffectiveness of, in practice, physical and chemical-based remediation processes, robust treatment approaches, such as microorganisms and their novel enzyme-based degradation/removal of ECs, are of supreme interest. This chapter focuses on various pharmaceutically related ECs and their efficient mitigation from water matrices. Following a brief introduction, the focus is given to two main treatment approaches, i.e., (1) remediation of pharmaceutically active compounds by crude (pristine) and purified enzymes (i.e., lignin peroxidase, manganese peroxidase, soybean peroxidase, horseradish peroxidase, and laccases) and (2) immobilized enzyme-assisted degradation of pharmaceutically active compounds.Peer reviewe

Sources of Pharmaceuticals in Water

This chapter focuses on the increasing environmental apprehensions and persistence of numerous organic contaminants so-called emerging contaminants (ECs), including biologically active elements from pharmaceutical source industries. Several types of diverse pharmaceutical-related compounds are being detected in environmental matrices and wastewater treatment units. Owing to this broader occurrence, transformation, and detection of pharmaceutical-related compounds in water matrices, people and legislative authorities are now more concerned about potential sources and ecological consequences of ECs. This is mainly because the free movement of ECs in water matrices is posing noteworthy adverse effects on human, aquatic animals, and naturally occurring plants, even at minimal concentrations. So far, several detection and treatment processes have been proposed and exploited against numerous pharmaceutical-related ECs. The useful and side effects of pharmaceutical-related compounds have been extensively inspected. Owing to this substantial research gap, the sources and environmental persistence of pharmaceutical-related ECs and their direct/indirect adverse effects have now been the topic of intensive studies. From the surface water perspective, wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) are the major source of pharmaceutical-related ECs. The current chapter spotlights the widespread occurrence, numerous sources, and transportation fate of pharmaceutical-related ECs in water matrices.The work is a part of the project entitled “Contaminantes emergentes y priori-tarios en las aguas reutilizadas en agricultura: riesgos y efectos en suelos, produc-ción agrícola y entorno ambiental” funded by CSIC-Tecnologico de Monterrey under iLink program. All listed authors are also grateful to their representative universities/institutes for providing literature facilities.Peer reviewe