The Impact of selfishness Attack on Mobile Ad Hoc Network

Mobile Ad-Hoc Network (MANET) is an infrastructure-less network that has the ability to configure itself without any centralized management. The topology of MANET changes dynamically which makes it open for new nodes to join it easily. The openness area of MANET makes it very vulnerable to different types of attacks. One of the most dangerous attacks is selfishness attack. In this type of attack, each node tries to save its resources, behave selfishly or non-cooperatively by not forwarding packets that are generated by other nodes. Routing in MANET is susceptible to selfishness attack and this is a crucial issue which deserves to be studied and solved. Therefore, the main objective of this paper is to study the impact of selfishness attack on two routing protocols namely, Ad hoc On-Demand Distance Vector (AODV) and Destination Sequenced Distance Vector (DSDV), as a try to find the most resistant routing protocol to such attack. The contribution of this paper is a new Selfishness Attack Model (SAM) which applies selfishness attack on the two chosen routing protocols in the NS-2 simulator. According to the conducted simulation results, AODV shows higher performance than DSDV under the effect of selfishness attack

Humoral Immunogenicity and Efficacy of a Single Dose of ChAdOx1 MERS Vaccine Candidate in Dromedary Camels

MERS-CoV seronegative and seropositive camels received a single intramuscular dose of ChAdOx1 MERS, a replication-deficient adenoviral vectored vaccine expressing MERS-CoV spike protein, with further groups receiving control vaccinations. Infectious camels with active naturally acquired MERS-CoV infection, were co-housed with the vaccinated camels at a ratio of 1:2 (infected:vaccinated); nasal discharge and virus titres were monitored for 14 days. Overall, the vaccination reduced virus shedding and nasal discharge (p = 0.0059 and p = 0.0274, respectively). Antibody responses in seropositive camels were enhancedby the vaccine; these camels had a higher average age than seronegative. Older seronegative camels responded more strongly to vaccination than younger animals; and neutralising antibodies were detected in nasal swabs. Further work is required to optimise vaccine regimens for younger seronegative camels