Biokemijske promjene u serumu dvogrbih deva pokusno invadiranih protozoonom Trypanosoma evansi i liječenih melarsenoksid-cisteamin hidrokloridom.

This study was carried out to study the effect of melarsenoxyde cysteamine hydrochloride (Cymelarsan®) in modulating serum biochemical changes in dromedaries experimentally infected with Trypanosoma evansi. A total of twenty dromedaries were used in the study. They were randomly divided into Groups A - D of 5 each. Group A was infected but treated with Cymelarsan® at 0.25 mg/kg body weight. Group B was the infected control; Group C was the uninfected control while Group D was uninfected but treated with Cymelarsan®. Uniform parasitaemia (2.4 ± 0.19) was observed following a pre-patent period of 4 days (Group A and B). Parasitemia increased significantly (P<0.05) to 210.2 ± 1.81 (Groups A) and 200.2 ± 1.77 (Group B) at 20 days post-infection (D.P.I.). Following treatment in Group A, parasitemia was not seen at 32 D.P.I. In Group B it attained a peak count of 400.2 ± 2.50 at day 36 D.P.I. On the one hand, alanineaminotransferase, creatinine, total bilirubin concentrations increased significantly (P<0.05) in the infected dromedaries while on the other serum glucose, and total protein levels decreased significantly (P<0.05). These biochemical changes were however amended to their pre-infection values at 16 D.P.I. in Group A in contrast to Group B. These parameters in Group C and Group D remained fairly constant. In conclusion, the infection caused biochemical changes suggestive of liver and kidney dysfunctions, with muscular wasting, which were amended following treatments with Cymelarsan®.Istraživanje je provedeno da bi se odredio učinak melarsenoksid-cisteamin-hidroklorida (Cymelarsan®) na biokemijska obilježja u serumu dvogrbih deva pokusno invadiranih protozoonom Trypanosoma evansi. Pokus je proveden na 20 dvogrbih deva razvrstanih u skupine od A do D. Svaka skupina sadržavala je pet deva. Skupina A bila je invadirana i liječena pripravkom Cymelarsan® u dozi od 0,25 mg/kg tjelesne mase. Skupina B bila invadirana kontrola. Skupina C je bila neinvadirana kontrola dok je skupina D bila neinvadirana, ali je dobivala Cymelarsan®. Jednaka parazitemija (2,4 ± 0,19) bila je ustanovljena nakon prepatentnog razdoblja od svega 4 dana (skupina A i B). Jačina parazitemije značajno je porasla dvadesetog dana nakon invazije (P<0,05), do 210,2 ± 1,81 (skupina A) i 200,2 ± 1,77 (skupina B). U životinja skupine A nije zabilježena parazitemija 32. dana nakon invazije. U skupini B parazitemija je 36. dana poslije invazije iznosila 400,2 ± 2,50. U serumu invadiranih životinja značajno su porasle (P<0,05) vrijednosti alaninaminotransferaze, kreatinina i ukupnog bilirubina dok su se vrijednosti glukoze i ukupnih proteina značajno smanjile (P<0,05). Sve vrijednosti bile su različite u odnosu na 16. dan poslije invazije u životinja skupine A što nije bio slučaj u životinja skupine B. Vrijednosti u serumu životinja skupina C i D ostale su nepromijenjene. Zaključuje se da ustanovljene bikokemijske promjene upućuju na poremećenu funkciju jetre i bubrega te na iscrpljenost mišićja što se značajno popravilo nakon primjene Cymelarsana®

Biokemijske promjene u serumu dvogrbih deva pokusno invadiranih protozoonom Trypanosoma evansi i liječenih melarsenoksid-cisteamin hidrokloridom.

This study was carried out to study the effect of melarsenoxyde cysteamine hydrochloride (Cymelarsan®) in modulating serum biochemical changes in dromedaries experimentally infected with Trypanosoma evansi. A total of twenty dromedaries were used in the study. They were randomly divided into Groups A - D of 5 each. Group A was infected but treated with Cymelarsan® at 0.25 mg/kg body weight. Group B was the infected control; Group C was the uninfected control while Group D was uninfected but treated with Cymelarsan®. Uniform parasitaemia (2.4 ± 0.19) was observed following a pre-patent period of 4 days (Group A and B). Parasitemia increased significantly (P<0.05) to 210.2 ± 1.81 (Groups A) and 200.2 ± 1.77 (Group B) at 20 days post-infection (D.P.I.). Following treatment in Group A, parasitemia was not seen at 32 D.P.I. In Group B it attained a peak count of 400.2 ± 2.50 at day 36 D.P.I. On the one hand, alanineaminotransferase, creatinine, total bilirubin concentrations increased significantly (P<0.05) in the infected dromedaries while on the other serum glucose, and total protein levels decreased significantly (P<0.05). These biochemical changes were however amended to their pre-infection values at 16 D.P.I. in Group A in contrast to Group B. These parameters in Group C and Group D remained fairly constant. In conclusion, the infection caused biochemical changes suggestive of liver and kidney dysfunctions, with muscular wasting, which were amended following treatments with Cymelarsan®.Istraživanje je provedeno da bi se odredio učinak melarsenoksid-cisteamin-hidroklorida (Cymelarsan®) na biokemijska obilježja u serumu dvogrbih deva pokusno invadiranih protozoonom Trypanosoma evansi. Pokus je proveden na 20 dvogrbih deva razvrstanih u skupine od A do D. Svaka skupina sadržavala je pet deva. Skupina A bila je invadirana i liječena pripravkom Cymelarsan® u dozi od 0,25 mg/kg tjelesne mase. Skupina B bila invadirana kontrola. Skupina C je bila neinvadirana kontrola dok je skupina D bila neinvadirana, ali je dobivala Cymelarsan®. Jednaka parazitemija (2,4 ± 0,19) bila je ustanovljena nakon prepatentnog razdoblja od svega 4 dana (skupina A i B). Jačina parazitemije značajno je porasla dvadesetog dana nakon invazije (P<0,05), do 210,2 ± 1,81 (skupina A) i 200,2 ± 1,77 (skupina B). U životinja skupine A nije zabilježena parazitemija 32. dana nakon invazije. U skupini B parazitemija je 36. dana poslije invazije iznosila 400,2 ± 2,50. U serumu invadiranih životinja značajno su porasle (P<0,05) vrijednosti alaninaminotransferaze, kreatinina i ukupnog bilirubina dok su se vrijednosti glukoze i ukupnih proteina značajno smanjile (P<0,05). Sve vrijednosti bile su različite u odnosu na 16. dan poslije invazije u životinja skupine A što nije bio slučaj u životinja skupine B. Vrijednosti u serumu životinja skupina C i D ostale su nepromijenjene. Zaključuje se da ustanovljene bikokemijske promjene upućuju na poremećenu funkciju jetre i bubrega te na iscrpljenost mišićja što se značajno popravilo nakon primjene Cymelarsana®

The effect of melarsenoxyde cysteamine hydrochloride (Cymelarsan®) on the clinico-pathology of an experimental Trypanosoma evansi infection in dromedary camels (Camelus dromedarius)

Abstract The effect of Cymelarsan ® on clinicopathology of Trypanosoma evansi infection in camels was evaluated. Groups B and C served as infected and uninfected controls respectively. Groups A and D served as infected/treated and uninfected/treated respectively. All parameters were determined using standard methods. A pre-patent period of 4 days in T. evansi experimentally infected dromedaries was accompanied by pyrexia; staring fur coat; depression; anorexia; pallor of ocular and buccal mucous membranes; oedema of the brisket; circling gait; elevated pulse, respiratory and heart rates; enlarged retropharyngeal lymph nodes; weight loss; and death. In Group B, parasitaemia reached its peak (400.2 ± 2.50) value by day 36 post-infection (p.i.) as PCV declined significantly (p&lt;0.05) to 12.0 ± 0.43). Mortality was 100% in Group B and 0% in the other groups. At necropsy, 15.3 liters of serosanguineous fluid was seen in the peritoneal cavity following rupture of the spleen in 3 of the dromedaries in Group B. The heart had ecchymotic haemorrhages while the retropharyngeal lymph nodes and kidneys appeared enlarged and congested. Histopathologically, degeneration of myocardial fibers was seen while the kidneys had glomerulosclerosis. The lymph nodes appeared highly reactive while the spleen had considerable haemosiderosis. The brain had areas of multi-focal congestion while calcification of the seminiferous tubules and eruption of spermatogenic cells was seen in the testis. It is therefore concluded that T. evansi caused severe clinicopathological effects which were alleviated following treatment with Cymelarsan ®

Prevalence of cryptosporidiosis among captive wild animals and birds in the arid region of north-eastern Nigeria

cryptosporidiosis among captive wild animals and birds in the arid region of northeaster

Helminth parasites and reservoir status of captive wild ruminants in the semi-arid region of north-eastern Nigeria.

Aim: To determine the various helminth parasites and associated helminth reservoir status of captive wild ruminants in the semi-arid region of north-eastern, Nigeria. Materials and Methods: Faecal samples were examined for nematode ova by the simple floatation technique using saturated sodium chloride solution as floatation medium. Trematode eggs were examined by the sedementation technique. The modified McMaster technique was used to determine the intensity of helminth infections among the various species of wild ruminants examined, while larval isolation and identification using the modified Baerman&amp;#8217;s technique was used to determine the various species of parasites encountered. Results: Out of the 36 samples examined, a high parasite count due to Strongyle infection without the manifestation of overt clinical signs was observed among the captive wild ruminants. The egg counts ranged from 500 + 10.0 among the Grimm&amp;#8217;s duicker (Sylvicaprea grimmia) to 5, 350 + 51.70 among the Senegal hartebeest (Damaliscus korrigum). The helminth larvae recovered which were common to all the species of wild ruminants were those of Haemonchus contortus, Trichostrogylus axei and Strongyloides papillosus, Demographic data such as age, sex and species of wild animals showed no significant (p&gt;0.05) variation on the prevalence of the helminth infections. Conclusion: The results of this study suggests that the captive wild ruminants in the semi-arid region of north-eastern, Nigeria, were reservoirs of various helminth parasites of medical and veterinary importance. It was therefore, recommended that improved sanitary conditions in animal enclosures, regular and strategic anthelmintic medications may on one hand protect the spread of infection to attendants and visitors to the park. On the other hand it will enhance the in-situ conservation of the rare and endangered species of wild ruminants in the area. [Vet World 2012; 5(9.000): 530-534

Parasitic and zoonotic meningoencephalitis in humans and equids: Current knowledge and the role of Halicephalobus gingivalis

Halicephalobus gingivalis is a saprophytic nematode parasite that causes a rare form of fatal meningoencephalomyelitis in equids, humans, and ruminants. This nematode has neurotropic activity, but has also been found in the kidney, liver, lungs, optic nerves and even heart of its host. Despite the zoonotic potential and severity of the disease, the epidemiology, pathogenesis, life cycle, and risk factors are poorly understood. Cases have been reported from several countries in Europe countries and North America but none is recorded in Africa except Egypt. This review looks at the historical overview, morphology, diagnosis, treatment and summary of reported cases in humans and equids. We recommend the parasitic helminthic infection in the differential list of meningoencephalitis involving humans and animals worldwide despite its rareness