Drug release and kinetic study of tamoxifen citrate conjugated with magnetite nanoparticle for drug delivery application

Breast cancer is affecting about 23 % of all cancers diagnosed in women. So, it is crucial to develop the treatment for breast cancer patient. Tamoxifen (TAM) has been used for treating estrogen receptor (ER)-positive breast cancer however TAM suffer from non-specific delivery to the breast cancer. TAM was introduce to magnetite nanoparticle (MNP) to increase tissue selectivity using Poly (d,l-lactice-co-glycolide acid) (PLGA-TAM-OAMNP) via oil in water emulsion and evaporation process. It was discovered that the size of the modified nanoparticle is 384 ± 17 nm while also maintaining its superparamagnetic nature. The percentage of drug loading and entrapment efficiency of TAM inside the PLGA-TAMOAMNP is around 6% and 80% respectively. Then, drug release was conducted for the next 96 hours releasing about 90% of the drug. The in vitro drug release was due to autocatalysis of PLGA

Synthesis and characterization of graphene oxide functionalized with magnetic nanoparticle via simple emulsion method

Current research focusing on the loading of Iron (III) oxide (IO) onto graphene oxide (GO) via simple emulsion technique. GO specialty such as big surface to volume ratio combined with magnetic nanoparticle superparamagnetic properties produce interesting nanocomposite material for biomedical application. Proper modification was carried out by simply varying the ratios of GO to IO ranging from 1:1 to 1:3 to discover the best amount of IO suitable to be loaded on GO. In addition, the prepared nanocomposites crystallinity, chemical interaction, structure, surface morphology and magnetic behaviour were investigated using various equipment such as X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), Raman spectroscopy (RAMAN), Vibrating Sample Magnetization (VSM), and Atomic force microscopy (AFM). The magnetic nanoparticle synthesized via co-precipitation method found to be Iron (iii) oxide. IO loaded with GO were validated to be superparamagnetic with maximum magnetic saturation measured at the ratio of GO to IO of 1:2

Drug release behavior for magnetite nanoparticle loaded with Tamoxifen citrate for drug delivery application

Statistic shows that 23 % of all cancers diagnosed in women are breast cancer. Hence, it is crucial to develop the treatment for breast cancer patient. Since 30 years ago, tamoxifen (TAM) has been used for treating estrogen receptor (ER)-positive breast cancer. Nonetheless TAM if used at high concentration can caused adverse effect such as thromboembolic events and endometrial cancer. So, by reducing the TAM doses its toxicity can be overcome. Therefore, TAM was introduce to targeted drug delivery system to increase tissue selectivity and improve its toxicity profile by using magnetite nanoparticles (MNP) as an anti-cancer drug carrier because of its biocompatibility, ultrafine size, and its superparamagnetic nature. MNP were synthesized via the co-precipitation method. Afterward, it was coated with oleic acid to improve the stability of the MNPs. MNP was conjugated with Poly (D,L lactide-co-glycolide acid) (PLGA) and TAM by applying oil in water emulsion evaporation method and was abbreviated as TAM-PLGA-OAMNP. After conjugation of MNP with TAM and PLGA. It was discovered that the size of the TAM-PLGA-OAMNP is 131±28 nm with a magnetic saturation of 8.3096×10-3 emu/g maintaining its superparamagnetic properties. This project further studies the drug loaded and drug release behaviors of the conjugated nanoparticles. The drug load and entrapment efficiency of TAM was determined via the UV-Vis spectroscopy. From the standard curve, TAM inside TAM-PLGA-OAMNPs is 0.1602 ± 0.0239 mg, so the percentage drug loading and percentage entrapment efficicency is around 6 % and 80 % respectively. After that, drug release was conducted for the next 96 hours releasing about 90 % of the drug. The in vitro drug release was fitted with different kinetic models. It was discovered that, the release pattern was best fitted in pseudo-second order R2=0.989. Several work had reported the pseudo-second order kinetic model that occur to PLGA. Therefore, the drug release was subjected to the autocatalysis of PLGA

Synthesis and characterization of graphene oxide functionalized with magnetic nanoparticle via simple emulsion method

Current research focusing on the loading of Iron (III) oxide (IO) onto graphene oxide (GO) via simple emulsion technique. GO specialty such as big surface to volume ratio combined with magnetic nanoparticle superparamagnetic properties produce interesting nanocomposite material for biomedical application. Proper modification was carried out by simply varying the ratios of GO to IO ranging from 1:1 to 1:3 to discover the best amount of IO suitable to be loaded on GO. In addition, the prepared nanocomposites crystallinity, chemical interaction, structure, surface morphology and magnetic behaviour were investigated using various equipment such as X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), Raman spectroscopy (RAMAN), Vibrating Sample Magnetization (VSM), and Atomic force microscopy (AFM). The magnetic nanoparticle synthesized via co-precipitation method found to be Iron (iii) oxide. IO loaded with GO were validated to be superparamagnetic with maximum magnetic saturation measured at the ratio of GO to IO of 1:2

Green reduction of graphene oxide involving extracts of plants from different taxonomy groups

Graphene, a remarkable material, is ideal for numerous applications due to its thin and lightweight design. The synthesis of high-quality graphene in a cost-effective and environmentally friendly manner continues to be a significant challenge. Chemical reduction is considered the most advantageous method for preparing reduced graphene oxide (rGO). However, this process necessitates the use of toxic and harmful substances, which can have a detrimental effect on the environment and human health. Thus, to accomplish the objective, the green synthesis principle has prompted researchers worldwide to develop a simple method for the green reduction of graphene oxide (GO), which is readily accessible, sustainable, economical, renewable, and environmentally friendly. For example, the use of natural materials such as plants is generally considered safe. Furthermore, plants contain reducing and capping agents. The current review focuses on the discovery and application of rGO synthesis using extracts from different plant parts. The review aims to aid current and future researchers in searching for a novel plant extract that acts as a reductant in the green synthesis of rGO, as well as its potential application in a variety of industries

Characterization of the physical properties of the ancient nanostructured biomaterials (nacre layer) retrieved using ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA)

Nacre can be found in many seashells species made up of about 95% of volume of multilayer structure of crystalline aragonite and consists of both inorganic and organic biomaterial. Nacre is one of the natural structural materials which constructed at ambient temperature having hard and soft phases arranged in multifaceted hierarchical architectures, thus spanning the characteristic dimensions from the nanoscale to the macroscale. The physical characteristics of the retrieved nacre powder from the nacre layer by using ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) method were analyzed by means of X-ray fluorescence (XRF), X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) Spectroscopy, and thermal analyzer Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC)/Thermagravimetric (TGA). XRF analysis revealed the high content of calcium carbonate in comparison to the untreated nacre. The XRD confirmed the aragonite properties of the retrieved nacre while FTIR spectroscopy identified the calcium carbonate phases due to the differences in carbonate ions, CO2-/3. Simultaneous thermal analyzer (DSC/TGA) was used for analysis of the thermal decomposition of the retrieved nacre powder. Here, we successfully evaluated the properties of the ancient nanostructured biomaterial; nacre retrieved using EDTA for future application in bone tissue engineering

Green synthesis of silver nanoparticle decorated on reduced graphene oxide nanocomposite using clinacanthus nutans and its applications

A straightforward approach that uses Clinacanthus nutans leaf extract as a bio-reduction agent has been reported to anchor silver nanoparticles onto graphene oxide (rGO-Ag). The nanocomposite was characterized by using ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, field emission scanning electron microscopy with energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, and X-ray diffraction. A qualitative colour transition from yellowish to dark brown confirmed the biosynthesis of rGO-Ag nanocomposite and showed a surface plasmon resonance at 263 nm and 425 nm. Utilizing cyclic voltammetry, the electrochemical characteristics of the rGO-Ag nanocomposite modified screen printed carbon electrodes were examined. The rGO-Ag nanocomposite electrode enhanced anodic current approximately 1.29 times greater compared to silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) and 1.34 times greater compared to graphene oxide (GO). Moreover, rGO-Ag nanocomposites exhibited excellent antibacterial activity against typical Gram-positive (S. aureus) (11.99 ± 0.26 mm) and Gram-negative (E. coli) (11.86 ± 0.29 mm) bacteria. Toxicity was assayed using brine shrimp Artemia salina. The results of hatching and mortality assay demonstrates that AgNPs and rGO-Ag nanocomposite is biocompatible with A. salina at a low dosage (0.001 mg/mL). This work offers a guide for the future synthesis of nanocomposites using green reductants. The as- synthesized nanocomposite shows a promising component for the development of biomedical devices applications

Characterization, antibacterial and toxicity evaluation of biosynthesized zinc oxide nanoparticles utilizing Eleuthrine bulbosa bulb extract

In the current study, Eleuthrine bulbosa bulb extract was utilized to synthesize zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO NPs) in a simple, sustainable, and environmentally friendly manner. The bioactive compounds of E. bulbosa extract were identified by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Following synthesis of the ZnO NPs via the green method with E. bulbosa bulb extract as the reducing and capping agent, ZnO NPs were characterized using X-Ray Diffraction (XRD), Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR), Ultraviolet-Visible Spectroscopy (UV-Vis), and Photoluminescence (PL) further evaluated for antibacterial and cytotoxic activities. GC-MS analysis showed the presence of phytochemical compounds acting as reducing and capping agents. The UV-Vis spectra of ZnO nanoparticles containing E. bulbosa extract showed an optical energy bandgap between 3.12 and 3.89 eV. In addition, XRD showed that the crystalline size of ZnO NPs ranged from 21 to 68 nm with a wurtzite crystal structure. FTIR analysis showed that the plant extract contains identified functional groups including alcohols, phenols, alkene, and flavonoid compounds that influenced the mechanism of bonding with ZnO NPs. Particularly, the peaks of formation of Zn-O stretching vibrations at 470 to 480 cm-1 were successfully shown. In addition, ZnO NPs displayed antibacterial activity, which was greatest against Staphylococcus aureus, and were cytotoxic to MCF-7 and MCF-10A breast cells with IC50 values of 5.540 µg/mL and 15.77 µg/mL, respectively. ZnO NPs were successfully synthesized utilizing a green method, resulting in intriguing biocompatible potential candidates for use in both biomedical and environmental fields due to their eco-friendly synthesis and nontoxic

Preparation and Characterization of PLGA Encapsulated Tamoxifen Citrate-Magnetite Nanoparticle Via Oil in Water Emulsion Evaporation Technique

Current research had successfully encapsulated magnetic nanoparticles (MNP) with selective estrogen receptor drug tamoxifen citrate (TAM) using Poly (d,l-lactice-co-glycolide acid) (PLGA 75:25) via oil in water emulsion technique. TAM is a good example of a drug that is difficult to dissolve. TAM is currently approved for the treatment of hormone-sensitive and early-stage breast cancer as an adjuvant endocrine therapy. The majority of the prescription medicine in today market is made up of poorly soluble, bioavailable, and quickly metabolized and eliminated drug which is a continuously challenges up to these days. Therefore, it is imperative to overcome this disadvantages by encapsulating TAM inside PLGA together with MNP for improved drug delivery. The MNP coated with oleic acid (OA) was synthesized using co-precipitation method and it is known as OAMNP. The fabricated nanohybrid is known as TAM-PLGA-OAMNP where the TAM was encapsulated together with OAMNP within PLGA. XRD results showed that OAMNP is Fe3O4. FTIR spectra revealed that the TAM was successfully encased into the PLGA structure. TAM-PLGA-OAMNP average size is about 131 ± 28 nm as shown in TEM results. The nanohybrid nanoparticles showed the absence of hysteresis loop indicative of superparamagnetic properties

Comparison of neurotoxic effects of ethanol and endosulfan on biochemical changes of brain tissues in Javanese medaka (Oryzias javanicus) and zebrafish (Danio rerio)

An ideal model organism for neurotoxicology research should meet several characteristics, such as low cost and amenable for high throughput testing. Javanese medaka (JM) has been widely used in the ecotoxicological studies related to the marine and freshwater environment, but rarely utilized for biomedical research. Therefore, in this study, the applicability of using JM in the neurotoxicology research was assessed using biochemical comparison with an established model organism, the zebrafish. Identification of biochemical changes due to the neurotoxic effects of ethanol and endosulfan was assessed using Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) analysis. Treatment with ethanol affected the level of lipids, proteins, glycogens and nucleic acids in the brain of JM. Meanwhile, treatment with endosulfan showed alteration in the level of lipids and nucleic acids. For the zebrafish, exposure to ethanol affected the level of protein, fatty acid and amino acid, and exposure to endosulfan induced alteration in the fatty acids, amino acids, nucleic acids and protein in the brain of zebrafish. The sensitive response of the JM toward chemicals exposure proved that it was a valuable model for neurotoxicology research. More studies need to be conducted to further develop JM as an ideal model organism for neurotoxicology research