Therapeutic Alliance in Cognitive Behaviour Therapy for Children with Autism

This study aimed to determine child pre-treatment variables, therapist behaviours and treatment outcomes associated with early and late therapeutic alliance in cognitive behaviour therapy for children with autism. Data were collected from 48 children with autism (91.7% male) who demonstrated average verbal IQ. Therapists included 22 post-doctoral fellows or graduate trainees (90.9% female). Therapeutic alliance and therapist behaviours were measured using observational coding of early and late sessions. Pre-treatment and outcome measures included multiple informant reports of child emotional and behavioural functioning. Results indicate some relation between emotion regulation and symptom severity, and the quality of alliance. Early therapist behaviours were associated with late therapeutic bond. Pushing the child to talk early on predicted later task-collaboration. Early therapeutic alliance did not predict treatment change. Late task-collaboration predicted improvements in emotion regulation. Future research should further examine the role of task-collaboration as a mechanism of treatment change for children with autism

Therapeutic Process Factors in Mental Health Treatment for Autistic Youth

Psychosocial interventions can be beneficial for addressing mental health challenges for some autistic youth, but a sizeable portion of youth who take part in mental health treatment do not demonstrate clinically meaningful improvement. Examining therapeutic process factors may provide insight as to why some youth benefit from treatment, while others do not. The current research aimed to evaluate the role of various therapeutic process factors in mental health treatment for autistic children and adolescents through two studies. The first study involved a systematic review and a narrative synthesis of the literature on how therapeutic process factors have been measured and the association with treatment outcome following psychosocial intervention addressing mental health challenges for autistic youth. Twenty-five studies met inclusion criteria. Process factors assessed across studies included relational factors; treatment expectations, readiness, and satisfaction; and treatment engagement from youth and their parents. Process-outcome associations were reported for a limited number of constructs. The second study examined indicators of child engagement in relation to treatment outcome for autistic children who participated in cognitive behaviour therapy for emotion regulation. Indicators of child engagement included observational ratings of in-session involvement, and therapist ratings of therapeutic alliance between therapist and child and homework completion. Each indicator of engagement was measured at early, middle, and late stages of therapy. After controlling for pre-treatment scores, in-session involvement significantly predicted some aspects of post-treatment emotion regulation, whereas therapeutic relationship and homework completion did not. This dissertation addresses key gaps in research on mental health treatment for autistic youth by providing a detailed summary on what is currently known about therapeutic process factors and process-outcome associations in psychotherapy, and offers original findings that highlight the importance of child in-session involvement for therapeutic success. Research should continue to focus on relatively well-examined factors, such as therapeutic alliance, and explore factors that are less understood, such as client beliefs about treatment and parent involvement. Clinicians working with autistic clients should actively strive to form therapeutic alliance with youth and parents, and support positive treatment engagement for the full duration of therapy to enhance the likelihood of successful outcomes