Mercado de seguros: oferta y demanda. ¿Cómo operan y se caracterizan?

El consumo, en general, ha sido siempre un tema ampliamente analizado, tanto desde su vertiente micro como macroeconómica, debido a las implicaciones de política económica y a su relación con la oferta, es decir, con la estructura productiva. Por ello, en este artículo se detallan las características del mercado de seguros, tanto de las entidades y los productos que ofrecen como de los clientes ya sean presentes o futuros.Seguros España, Consumidor de Seguros, Mercado de Seguros.

Long term care in Spain : extent, costs and challenges

The passing of Act 39/2006, of 14th December, on the Promotion of Personal Autonomy and Care for Dependent Persons (known as the Dependent Care Law) has created the fourth pillar of Welfare State in Spain. In order to achieve its efficient implementation, we need to know who and how many individuals should be attended and how much money is needed for the attention. However, the answers to these two questions given until now suggest that a lot of work is still to be done in order to reach the objectives proposed by the Law

Aplicación al sector asegurador español (no vida) del modelo de seguros de Tapiero

El objetivo de este trabajo es evaluar el modelo de seguros propuesto por Tapiero en 1987, utilizando datos reales de empresas aseguradoras españolas dedicadas al negocio no vida. Tras adaptar el modelo a la información disponible, se estiman los parámetros del mismo mediante Mínimos Cuadrados en Tres Etapas utilizando variables instrumentales. Se realiza una simulación para comprobar que la evolución de dichas variables bajo diferentes escenarios es compatible con la doctrina básica actuarial, observándose que las inversiones son fundamentales para el crecimiento de la entidad.Matemática actuarial, Modelo matemático actuarial, Seguros no vida, Regresores estocásticos, Transformación Box-Cox, Datos de panel.

Visualizing health and well-being inequalities among older Europeans

Financial support from research project MTM2014-56535-R by the Spanish Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness. This paper uses data from SHARE Waves 6 (https ://doi.org/10.6103/SHARE .w6.710), see Börsch-Supan et al. (2013) for methodological details. The SHARE data collection has been funded by the European Commission through FP5 (QLK6-CT-2001-00360), FP6 (SHAREI3:RII-CT-2006-062193, COMPARE: CIT5-CT-2005-028857, SHARELIFE: CIT4-CT-2006-028812), FP7 (SHARE-PREP: GA N o211909, SHARE-LEAP: GA N o227822, SHARE M4: GA N o261982) and Horizon 2020 (SHARE-DEV3: GA N o676536, SERISS: GA N o654221) and by DG Employment, Social Affairs and Inclusion. Additional funding from the German Ministry of Education and Research, the Max Planck Society for the Advancement of Science, the U.S. National Institute on Aging (U01-AG09740-13S2, P01-AG005842, P01-AG08291, P30-AG12815, R21-AG025169, Y1-AG-4553-01, IAG-BSR06-11, OGHA-04-064, HHSN271201300071C) and from various national funding sources is gratefully acknowledged(see www.share -proje ct.org)

Visualizing Inequality in Health and Socioeconomic Wellbeing in the EU: Findings from the SHARE Survey

This article belongs to the Special Issue The Economics of CaringThe main objective of this paper is to visualize profiles of older Europeans to better understand differing levels of dependency across Europe. Data comes from wave 6 of the Survey of Health, Ageing and Retirement in Europe (SHARE), carried out in 18 countries and representing over 124 million aged individuals in Europe. Using the information of around 30 mixed-type variables, we design four composite indices of wellbeing for each respondent: self-perception of health, physical health and nutrition, mental agility, and level of dependency. Next, by implementing the k-prototypes clustering algorithm, profiles are created by combining those indices with a collection of socio-economic and demographic variables about the respondents. Five profiles are established that segment the dataset into the least to the most individuals at risk of health and socio-economic wellbeing. The methodology we propose is wide enough to be extended to other surveys or disciplines.This research was funded by the Spanish Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness, grant number MTM2014-56535-R

Impact of Pandemic on European Well-Being: Visualizing Scenarios from the SHARE Database

The objective of this study is to analyse the effect of a pandemic shock on the well-being of the European population aged 50 or over. Data comes from wave 7 of the Survey of Health, Ageing and Retirement in Europe (SHARE), carried out in 28 countries and representing over 170 million aged individuals in Europe. We start by designing two indicators in order to capture the risk of being unhealthy and economically vulnerable; next, we combine them with socio-demographic information and obtain the vulnerability profiles by means of the k-prototypes clustering algorithm. Subsequently, we design a shock similar to the COVID-19 pandemic and measure its effects on the vulnerability profiles. The results suggest that the average level of economic and health vulnerability is relatively low, although levels differ across European regions, with the most vulnerable being Eastern European countries. It was observed that the shock most affected countries with a greater proportion of individuals initially deemed vulnerable in terms of mental and physical health, as well as countries where tourism and retail sectors are the most vital for their economies. These findings led us to conclude that public policies should be differentiated by European regions, and Governments must establish action plans in order to better meet the physical and mental health needs of their citizens, as well as addressing monetary poverty and financial difficulties

Investment in R&D and its link with income: theory and inquiry about the behaviour of the European economies

Vivimos en un tiempo caracterizado por una profunda transformación tecnológica dentro de economías que operan a escala global. En este contexto, la innovación aparece como un factor clave para la mejora de las condiciones productivas de un sistema económico, que en el caso europeo, es fundamental para mejorar la competitividad de las economías de la zona. Este trabajo indaga sobre la vinculación entre gasto en innovación y nivel de renta en quince países europeos, estudiándose la existencia de grupos de naciones que presentan pautas similares de gasto en I+D+i. Para ello, se han utilizado tanto el análisis de correlaciones como el quick cluster.______________________________________________We are living a time in which the economies are operating on a global scale and are affected by an intense technological change. In this context, innovation emerges as a key factor to enhance the productivity in the economic systems. This variable becomes fundamental for increasing the competitiveness of European economies. This paper inquires into the link between investment in innovation and income level in 15 European countries, not only studying each of them, but also trying to find groups with similar spending patterns of behaviour. It has been taken into account variables such as the level and composition of R&D outlays, the proportion of this investment into the GDP and how much of it is spent by Public Sector. Correlation analysis and quick cluster have been the statistical tools used to undertake this task

Impacto territorial de la dependencia en España: población afectada y costes asociados a su atención

La aprobación y puesta en marcha de la Ley de Dependencia hasupuesto un nuevo campo de actuación para las políticas públicas. De acuerdo adicha Ley, son las Comunidades Autónomas las responsables de ofrecer los servicios.Por ello parece oportuno plantearse si el impacto será igual en todas ellas.Este trabajo trata de evaluar el número de personas dependientes con derecho aayudas públicas en cada territorio y el coste asociado a su atención, tanto en elinstante actual como hasta 2015, año en el que el sistema público de atención estaráplenamente desarrollado

Dependency evolution in Spanish disabled population : a functional data analysis approach

In a health context dependency is defined as lack of autonomy in performing basic activities of daily living that require the care of another person or significant help. However, this contingency, if present, changes throughout the lifetime. In fact, empirical evidence shows that, once this situation occurs, it is almost impossible to return to the previous state and in most cases the intensity increases. In this article, the evolution of the intensity in this situation is studied for the Spanish population affected by this contingency. Evolution in dependency can be seen as sparsely observed functional data, where for each individual we get a curve only observed at those points in which changes in the condition of his/her dependency occur. We use functional data analysis techniques such as curve registration, functional data depth or distance-based clustering to analyse this kind of data. This approach proves to be useful in this context since it takes into account the dynamics of the dependency process and provides more meaningful conclusions than simple pointwise or multivariate analysis. The database analysed comes from the Survey about Disabilities, Personal Autonomy and Dependency Situations, EDAD 2008, (Spanish National Institute of Statistics, 2008). The evaluation of the dependency situation for each person is ruled in Spain by the Royal Decree 504/2007 that passes the scale for assessment of the situation set by Act 39/2006. In this article, the scale value for each individual included in EDAD 2008 has been calculated according to this legislation. Differences between sex, ages and first appearance time have been considered and prediction of future evolution of dependency is obtainedThe research of Ana Arribas-Gil was supported by grants ECO2011-25706 and MTM2010-17323 of the Spanish Ministry of Science and Innovatio