Number of different structures that arose from 30 bootstrap samples fit to naïve and treatment-experienced patients in each region.

<p>The number inside the parenthesis is the percentage of structures which were the same as that of the original sample.</p

An example of the graphical display of a 2-tree mixture model with three nodes.

<p> is the set of edge weights defined as the conditional probability of the child node given the prior occurrence of the parent event. and are the probability that an individual follows a pathway represented by the first and second tree, respectively.</p

Coverage for seven different simulations.

<p>Coverage is defined as the percentage of time the 95% credible intervals contain the true parameter, given the simulation resulted in the correct tree structure. R = root of the tree. Nodes = {1,2,3,4}. The region simulated is shown in parenthesis. The nodes {1,2,3,4} correspond to the drugs in the application: {H, R, E, S}. is the tree weight of the prespecified structures.</p

Non-star tree structures from mixture models for treatment-naïve patients.

<p>(a) non-star tree for AFR and NFSU-EUR. (b) non-star tree for AMR, EMR, FSU, SEAR and WPR. Nodes = {WT = wild type, H = isoniazid, R = rifampin, E = ethambutol and S = streptomycin }.</p

Breakdown of data by region.

<p>The first row displays sample size, proportion of the population resistant to any drug and the corresponding confidence interval for treatment-naïve patients and the second row displays this information for patients with a previous treatment history. AFR = African region, AMR = region of the Americas, EMR = Easter Mediterranean region, FSU = Former Soviet Union region, NFSU-EUR = Non-Former Soviet Union European region, SEAR = South-East Asian region, WPR = Western Pacific region.</p

The percentage of simulations in which the correct tree structure is chosen.

<p>The region simulated is shown in parenthesis.</p

Mechanisms of TB drug resistance in treatment-naïve and experienced patients.

<p>The first pathway describes patients who test positive for resistance to anti-TB drugs prior to their first treatment episode. These treatment- naïve patients were initially infected with a drug-resistant strain. The second pathway describes patients who were infected by a drug resistant strain and failed their first course of treatment. After their first course of treatment, they tested positive for resistance to anti-TB drugs. The final pathway describes patients who were infected by a drug susceptible strain and failed their first treatment episode because they acquired resistance via spontaneous mutation.</p

Posterior nodes and standard deviations of mixture model parameters describing resistance in treatment-naïve patients.

<p>The four columns following represent the edges and corresponding edge weights associated with tree i. The edge weight is the conditional probability of being resistant to the child node given resistance to the parent node has occurred. If the parent node is the root (WT), the edge weight is the marginal probability of becoming resistant to the child node. Nodes = {WT = wild type, H = isoniazid, R = rifampin, E = ethambutol and S = streptomycin }.</p

Non-star tree structures from mixture models for treatment-experienced patients.

<p>(a) non-star tree for AFR, FSU, NFSU-EUR, SEAR and WPR. (b) non-star tree for AMR (c) non-star tree for EMR and SEAR.</p

Demographic characteristic of infants with invasive Group B streptococcus disease.

<p>Demographic characteristic of infants with invasive Group B streptococcus disease.</p