Race, Neighborhood Economic Status, Income Inequality and Mortality

<div><p>Mortality rates in the United States vary based on race, individual economic status and neighborhood. Correlations among these variables in most urban areas have limited what conclusions can be drawn from existing research. Our study employs a unique factorial design of race, sex, age and individual poverty status, measuring time to death as an objective measure of health, and including both neighborhood economic status and income inequality for a sample of middle-aged urban-dwelling adults (N = 3675). At enrollment, African American and White participants lived in 46 unique census tracts in Baltimore, Maryland, which varied in neighborhood economic status and degree of income inequality. A Cox regression model for 9-year mortality identified a three-way interaction among sex, race and individual poverty status (p = 0.03), with African American men living below poverty having the highest mortality. Neighborhood economic status, whether measured by a composite index or simply median household income, was negatively associated with overall mortality (p<0.001). Neighborhood income inequality was associated with mortality through an interaction with individual poverty status (p = 0.04). While racial and economic disparities in mortality are well known, this study suggests that several social conditions associated with health may unequally affect African American men in poverty in the United States. Beyond these individual factors are the influences of neighborhood economic status and income inequality, which may be affected by a history of residential segregation. The significant association of neighborhood economic status and income inequality with mortality beyond the synergistic combination of sex, race and individual poverty status suggests the long-term importance of small area influence on overall mortality.</p></div

Characteristics of the Healthy Aging in Neighborhoods of Diversity Across the Life Span Study Participants, Baltimore, Maryland, 2004–2013 (N = 3675).

<p>Characteristics of the Healthy Aging in Neighborhoods of Diversity Across the Life Span Study Participants, Baltimore, Maryland, 2004–2013 (N = 3675).</p

Effects of aging and calorie restriction on the global gene expression profiles of mouse testis and ovary-1

or testis by at least two-fold. Functional categories of genes were assembled from GO annotations and from PubMed.<p><b>Copyright information:</b></p><p>Taken from "Effects of aging and calorie restriction on the global gene expression profiles of mouse testis and ovary"</p><p>http://www.biomedcentral.com/1741-7007/6/24</p><p>BMC Biology 2008;6():24-24.</p><p>Published online 3 Jun 2008</p><p>PMCID:PMC2426674.</p><p></p

Effects of aging and calorie restriction on the global gene expression profiles of mouse testis and ovary-4

Nes in ovary; (C) three-dimensional heatmap of expression of the same genes in ovary; (D) experimental design for males; (E) two-dimensional heatmap of expression of 3000 most significant genes in testis (819 genes overlapped with ovary); (F) three-dimensional heatmap of expression of the same genes in testis.<p><b>Copyright information:</b></p><p>Taken from "Effects of aging and calorie restriction on the global gene expression profiles of mouse testis and ovary"</p><p>http://www.biomedcentral.com/1741-7007/6/24</p><p>BMC Biology 2008;6():24-24.</p><p>Published online 3 Jun 2008</p><p>PMCID:PMC2426674.</p><p></p

Effects of aging and calorie restriction on the global gene expression profiles of mouse testis and ovary-3

Hs in ovary and testis, respectively. (C), (D) Proportion of genes that were over-expressed either in ovary or testis, respectively, by at least two-fold among genes that were increased or decreased by CR at specific age from 6 to 24 months.<p><b>Copyright information:</b></p><p>Taken from "Effects of aging and calorie restriction on the global gene expression profiles of mouse testis and ovary"</p><p>http://www.biomedcentral.com/1741-7007/6/24</p><p>BMC Biology 2008;6():24-24.</p><p>Published online 3 Jun 2008</p><p>PMCID:PMC2426674.</p><p></p

Effects of aging and calorie restriction on the global gene expression profiles of mouse testis and ovary-2

or testis by at least two-fold. Functional categories of genes were assembled from GO annotations and from PubMed.<p><b>Copyright information:</b></p><p>Taken from "Effects of aging and calorie restriction on the global gene expression profiles of mouse testis and ovary"</p><p>http://www.biomedcentral.com/1741-7007/6/24</p><p>BMC Biology 2008;6():24-24.</p><p>Published online 3 Jun 2008</p><p>PMCID:PMC2426674.</p><p></p

Clustering of Genetic Correlations

<p>The 98 quantative traits are classified into clusters inferred from genetic correlations between any two traits, with an “average” distance measure used in the clustering algorithm. Classes of traits are color-coded as personality (red), serum composition (blue), cardiovascular (black), and anthropometric (green). Overlap of the apparent genetic contribution to variance is indicated on the ordinate, with larger overlaps towards the bottom. Eighteen values exceed 50% overlap (see text).</p