On the estimation of three parameters lognormal distribution based on fuzzy life time data

Countless statistical tools are available to extract information from data. Life time modeling is considered as one of the most prominent fields of statistics, which is evident from the developments made in this field in the last few decades. Almost every statistic for life time analysis is based on precise life time observations, however, life time is not a precise measurement but more or less fuzzy. Therefore, in addition to classical statistical tools, fuzzy number approaches to describe life time data are more suitable. In order to incorporate fuzziness of the observations, fuzzy estimators for the three parameter lognormal distribution were suggested. The proposed estimators cover stochastic variation as well as fuzziness of the observations

Tobacco Consumption and the Menace of Oral Cancer in Karachi (Mohammad Mohiuddin Alamgir)

Oral cancer is among the leading cancer type in South Central Asian men. In India, oral cancer isthe leading cancer type among men and third most common cancer among women1 Oralprecancerous lesions (PCLs) such as leukoplakia and submucous fibrosis have a variablyreported incidence from 0.4% to 24% from different parts of the world with a transformation rateof 2–12% to frank malignancies.2 In Pakistan, cancer of the oral cavity and pharynx are amongstthe commonest type of cance

Effect of Leverage on Firm Value and How the Contextual Variables Affect This Relationship: A Case of Pakistan

The purpose of this study is to investigate capital structure in the Pakistani corporate sector in light of the interest rate gap with other countries and emerging Islamic banking in the country. The study investigates the effect of leverage on firm value (Tobin’s Q) and how other variables impact this relationship. The study used the System-GMM-Fixed effect model for linear analysis and fixed effect panel threshold regression model by Hansen (1999) for quadratic analysis using data from nonfinancial firms listed on the Pakistan Stock exchange for the period 2005 to 2019. The results show that there is a negative relation between leverage and the value of the firm. In contrast, debt and non-debt tax shields have a positive relationship with the value of the firm. The study also found that there is quadratic nature of leverage with the value of the firm. The study supports Trade-off theory, pecking order theory, while it doesn’t support agency theory

Eagle’s Syndrome: Presentation, Diagnosis, and Management

Objective: To study the presentation, diagnosis, and treatment options in Eagle’s Syndrome in a tertiary care hospital. Material and Methods: The study was conducted at the ENT department of District Headquarter Hospital, Rawalpindi from 1st January 2016 to 31st March 2019.  All the patients who presented in outpatient (OPD) of the ENT department with pain around the ear and throat and diagnosed as a case of Eagle’s syndrome were included in the study. All the data of gender, age, CT scan findings, pain score, and management were noted on a predesigned proforma. Percentages and frequencies were calculated for all the data by using SPSS 21 version. Results: A total of 12 patients were included in the study, with 5 (42%) females and 7 (58%) males. The patient’s age range was from 24 to 68 years. Sharp, sudden onset, nerve-like pain was the major symptom in all cases. The length of the styloid process in 6 patients was between 3-4 cm and in 6 patients between 4-5 cm on a 3-dimensional computerized tomography scan. 100% of patients were managed surgically. In Group A (50%) styloidectomy was done after tonsillectomy while in other Group B (50%) patients styloidectomy was done by tonsil sparing technique. The relief of pain was a little better in patients of Group B. Conclusion: Sudden onset, sharp, shooting pain in the jaw area, around-ear, and in the throat with no other co-morbid should be investigated for Eagle’s syndrome. 3 dimensional CT scan is the best modality to see the length of the styloid process. Styloidectomy with tonsil sparing technique is a little better than tonsillectomy and gives early and permanent relief from this painful condition

Ground Improvement Methods Recently Practiced to Solve the Geotechnical Engineering Problems in Bangladesh

The field performance of the foundation systems recently practiced in the soft ground of Khulna region to solve the geotechnical engineering problems is described in this paper. The foundation systems adopted to construct the structures in Khulna Medical College, Khulna University, BIT Khulna and a Six-vent regulator on Passur River at Fakirhat are considered for study. In Khulna Medical College project, a shallow foundation system using Geotextilies at the foundation base was employed, while in Khulna University and BIT Khulna, a foundation system using replacing the soft compressible soil layer by compacted sand was used. The soft compressible soil at the site of the constructed six-vent regulator on Passur River at Fakirhat was improved by the installation of sand piles by drydisplacement method. The performance was measured in terms of the improvement of ground strength and the long-term settlement monitored in the field. It is observed that the performance of the adopted systems is quite satisfactory. However, in some cases the foundation systems do not work as per design and requirements

Unilateral Facial Neuralgia A management Dilemma

Objective:  The objective of the study was to assess the significance of clinical examination in   Diagnosis and management of Patient with unilateral facial neuralgia. Study Design:  Observational study. Place and Duration of study:  Out patient clinic and department of ENT and Neurosurgery PGMI LRH Peshawar from IST Nov 2005---31 Oct 2007 (2 years). Material and methods:  Patients presented with unilateral facial neuralgia were assessed in out patient clinic, record keeping about data was assessed during compiling of study. Related investigations were performed to exclude secondary causes of neuralgia. Results:  A total of 1207 patients who presented with unilateral facial pain in two years duration were scrutinized for idiopathic facial neuralgia. 182 (15.07%.) patient were referred to neurosurgeon who were suffering from trigeminal neuralgia.43(3.56)%) patient were subjected to microvascular decompression (MVD).Rest of the patients were treated accordingly.   &nbsp

Esophagoscopy in the early detection and treatment of Plummer Vinson Syndrome

Background: To determine the role of esophagoscopy as a safe and cost-effective procedure which can be used for early diagnosis and treatment of Plummer Vinson Syndrome and prevent development of carcinoma of post-cricoid area. Methods: The study was carried out in E.N.T. department, Rawalpindi General Hospital, Rawalpindi. A total of 25 patients diagnosed with Plummer Vinson Syndrome presented to our department from July 2005 to June 2007 of which 23 patients were included in the study. 2 female patients were found to have carcinoma of hypopharynx and were excluded from the study. Blood CP, serum iron, barium swallow, esophagoscopy and biopsy was done in all the patients. Results: The ratio between female and male was found to be 10:1. Mean hemoglobin was 8 gm/dl. Average mean corpuscular volume (MCV) was 68.5%. Serum iron level was less than 40 ug/dl in females and less than 65 ug/dl in males. Web was seen on barium swallow in all the patients and was confirmed on esophagoscopy. Biopsy of esophageal web was taken in all patients. Biopsy of 2 female patients turned out to be squamous cell carcinoma of post-cricoid region while other 21 biopsies showed normal esophageal mucosa. Conclusion: Plummer Vinson Syndrome is still a common condition in females. Esophagoscopy, excision and dilatation of the web and iron replacement is safe and cost-effective procedure to diagnose and treat the disease. If untreated, may lead to serious complications like post-cricoid carcinoma

Institutional Credit and Agricultural Production: An Empirical Evidence from Pakistan

In our prevalent and deprived agrarian sector, sufficient credit provision is a serious problem to implant technological advancements and achieve technical efficiency, moreover to hire efficient inputs to improve and rise agriculture output/income collectively and alleviate poverty eventually. In the middle of embroiled informal credit sector and recent increase in banking services in last decade shrink the attention to intend the formal sector’s optimum potential. In this perspective, this study is going to explore the relationship of agriculture credit on agriculture output. We analyzes the role of institutional credit on agricultural production using the time series data for the period of 1970 to 2008 and to give suggestions and recommendations about the promotion of institutional credit in agriculture sector of Pakistan. Cobb-Douglas production function is estimated using simple OLS, and all the variables are transformed to per cultivated hectare. Results show that agricultural credit, availability of water, cropping intensity and agricultural labor force has significant positive impact on agricultural production. The study recommend that institutional credit should be provided by the concerned organizations in order to boost agricultural output. The credit provision should be made to ensure the contribution of agriculture sector in economic development of the economy. Keywords: Agricultural Production, Institutional credit, Pakista

Measuring the Impact of Total Revenue, Total Labor Force and Oil Prices on Economic Growth of Pakistan

This study establishes the empirical relationship between GDP and total revenue, total labor force and oil prices. Numerous studies concluded profound impact of these variables on GDP of Pakistan as well as other economies. In this study, all the sources of revenue generating including tax and non-tax revenue and financial aid and grants are included. In total labor force, both male and female labor force are included. The impact of oil prices on GDP is also included in the model. This study is conducted to measure the impact and significance of these variables on GDP of Pakistan for years 1970-2012 using time-series data. Regression analysis results shows significant concluded coefficients. Unit root test verified the stationarity of the data. The results of co-integration test show long run association between the GDP and the independent variables. The empirical results conclude positive impact of total revenue, total labor force and negative impact of oil prices on GDP of Pakistan