Differences in temperament between the “low responders” and “high responders” during Pavlovian to instrumental transfer.

<p>“Low responders”: individuals who performed the fewest correct responses during CS presentation (N = 9). “High responders”: individuals who performed the most correct responses during CS presentation (N = 10).</p

Differences in temperament between the “low performers” and “high performers” during acquisition.

<p>“Low performers”: individuals who performed the fewest correct responses during the first four acquisition sessions (N = 9). “High performers”: individuals who performed the most correct responses during the first four acquisition sessions (N = 10).</p

Pavlovian to instrumental transfer in horses.

<p>Left: Number of correct responses (out of 5) during the 3 presentations of the CS (CS1–CS3, in grey) as compared to the corresponding number during their respective intertrial intervals (ITI1–ITI3, in white). Right: Sum of the correct responses exhibited during the 3 ITI and 3 CS periods.</p

Arena used for the temperament tests.

<p>Arena used for the temperament tests.</p

Apparatus used for Pavlovian conditioning (left), instrumental conditioning, and PIT sessions (right).

<p>Apparatus used for Pavlovian conditioning (left), instrumental conditioning, and PIT sessions (right).</p

Acquisition of instrumental responding in horses.

<p>S1–S4: first 4 acquisition sessions (30 trials per session). The grey bar refers to the session during which the animals reached the criterion (touching the cone in ≤15 s during 14 out of 15 consecutive trials). Depending on the individual, this session corresponds to the 1^st–6^th acquisition sessions.</p