Geographic distribution of the studied population.

<p>Samples were collected systematically in the coloured areas without specific focus on a particular site. Native inhabitants of these areas include a great variety of ethnicities among which are the Banen, Yebekolo and Soo in the Centre (orange areas), the Bakola Pygmies, Mvae and Ngumba in purple colored area and finally the Baka Pygmies, the Bulu, Fang Badjoue and Zime tribes located in the blue coloured areas. The 198 individuals from the “contact group” are indicated by red (SFV-infected) and yellow (SFV non-infected) dots. The 2 SFV infected individuals from the “general population” are represented as black dots.</p

Distribution of tested and infected individuals from the “contact group”.

<p>A) According to the age at contact with NHP B) According to the time of the contact with NHP.</p

Factors associated to SFV infection in studied populations.

<p>Univariate analysis was performed with stata. χ² and fisher exact test were realised with a critical <i>p</i> value of 0.05.</p><p>*missing data in this category (5).</p

Epidemiological and “classical” biological features of SFV infected humans in contact group and general population.

<p>Pop: population. Loc: location. Cont: contact. Samp: sampling. SFV: Simian Foamy Virus. LTR: Long Terminal Repeat. Gor: Gorilla. Cpz: Chimpanzee. Cerco: <i>Cercopithecus</i>/ Ind: Indeterminate/ +: Positive/ −: Negative/ ND: Not determined for Chimpanzees and small monkeys infected individuals. Wound severity: 1 = low, 2 = medium, 3 = high.</p><p>◊: sampled twice and tested two times for serology and PCR/.</p><p>‡: family members also tested (spouse and/or children).</p><p>Δ: LTR was sequenced and blasted. In all cases, correspondence was found with the history.</p><p>Φ: (pro)viral loads are reported per 10⁵ cells.</p><p>Ψ: No Integrase sequence obtained.</p

Epidemiological and “non-classical” biological features of SFV infected humans in contact group.

<p>Loc: location. Cont: contact. Samp: sampling. SFV: Simian Foamy Virus/ LTR: Long Terminal Repeat/ Gor: Gorilla/ Cerco: <i>Cercopithecus</i>/ Ind: Indeterminate/ +: Positive/ −: Negative/ Wound severity: 1 = low, 2 = medium, 3 = high.</p><p>*: were serologically tested at least twice with Chimpanzee's antigen. Result profile was invariable. Western Blot with small monkey's (Cercopithecus) antigen was positive for Bad50 and invariably the same for the three others.</p><p>◊: sampled twice and tested two times in serology and PCR/.</p><p>‡: family members also tested (spouse and/or children).</p><p>Φ: (pro)viral loads are reported per 10⁵ cells.</p

SFV infected individuals harboring scars and lesions caused by NHP bites.

<p>Scars from wounds by a small monkey in picture 1 (participant Bad50), chimpanzee in picture 2 (participant Bad327), gorilla in picture 3 (participant Bak56), picture 4 (participant Sabak36), picture 5 (Bad348), picture 6 (participant Bak132).</p

Species distribution of encountered NHP for the 198 individuals in the «contact group».

<p>Description of the NHP species was done by the concerned individuals themselves and a record was made on the written questionnaire. Visuals were showed to help them precisely identify the animal. Others = <i>C. neglectus, Papio, Colobus, cercocebus, Mandrills.</i></p

Global description of the general population group and the contact group, and overall serology and PCR results.

<p>Pop: population n: number of individuals in each group Pos: positive samples, Ind: Indeterminate samples, Neg: Negative samples PCR positive included positive samples for <i>pol</i>-In and/or LTR.</p

Rooted phylogenetic tree generated with consensus sequences of 425 bp fragments of the SFV <i>pol</i>-In from monkeys-infected hunters and prototype old world non-human primates from the small monkeys' clades.

<p>The final consensus sequences from our study are highlighted in blue (monkeys). Sequences are compared to known prototypes from different central African NHP species. Alignment was performed with the Dambe version 4.5.68 and Clustal W. Phylogenetic analysis was performed with Paup, version 4.0b10 (Sinauer Associates, Sunderland, MA, USA) based on the Neighbour joining method applying the GTR model. Bootstrap analysis of 1000 replicates is shown as numbers at nodes. Only values greater than 60% are shown. The scale of the tree is 0,1 nucleotides replacement per site. The tree is rooted on a divergent sequence from an Asian macaque. Species found in Cameroon are shown with asterisks. Sequences accession numbers are: JN049028 to JN049032.</p

Rooted phylogenetic tree generated with consensus sequences of 425 bp fragments of the SFV <i>pol</i>-In from apes-infected hunters and prototype old world non-human primates from the apes' clades.

<p>The final consensus sequences from our study are highlighted in red (gorilla) and green (chimpanzee). Sequences are compared to known prototypes from different central African NHP species. Alignment was performed with Dambe version 4.5.68 and Clustal W. Phylogenetic analysis was performed with Paup, version 4.0b10 (Sinauer Associates, Sunderland, MA, USA) based on the Neighbour joining method applying the GTR model. Bootstrap analysis of 1000 replicates is indicated as numbers at nodes. Only values greater than 60% are shown. The scale of the tree is 0,1 nucleotide replacements per site. The tree is rooted on a divergent sequence from an Asian macaque. Species found in Cameroon are shown with asterisks. Sequences accession numbers are: JN049036 to JN049065 for gorilla sequences and JN049033 to JN049035 for Chimpanzee sequences.</p