Experimental protocol: three days of follow-up after each type of shift compare with a control day.

<p>IL-8: Interleukine-8. VAS: visual analog scale.</p

Descriptive characteristics of emergency physicians.

<p>Descriptive characteristics of emergency physicians.</p

Evolution of sleep duration and sleep quality (mean ± SE) before the shifts (Day 0), during the shifts (D1), the rest day at home (D2), the clerical work day (D3) and during the control day.

<p>VAS = visual analog scale.</p

Evolution of urinary IL-8 (mean±SE) during the shifts (Day 1) and on the clerical work day (D3) and during the control day.

<p>Evolution of urinary IL-8 (mean±SE) during the shifts (Day 1) and on the clerical work day (D3) and during the control day.</p

IL-8 levels: a multivariable generalized estimating equations regression.

!<p>Compared with the control shift.</p>!!<p>Similar results were found when the variables measuring sleep (quantity or quality) were adjusted for.</p><p>The model also adjusted for life-and-death emergencies (with no significant associations observed).</p

Number of factors identified for each chapter, according to work-related challenges.

<p>Number of factors identified for each chapter, according to work-related challenges.</p

Organizational, relational, ethical and other contributing factors–Thesaurus completed to 4, 5 or 6 digits.

<p>Organizational, relational, ethical and other contributing factors–Thesaurus completed to 4, 5 or 6 digits.</p

Number of factors identified for each chapter and subchapter.

<p>Number of factors identified for each chapter and subchapter.</p