At gübresı̇ ve arıtma çamuru kompostunun, xerofluvent bı̇r toprağın özellı̇klerı̇ne ve bı̇tkı̇sel üretı̇me etkı̇sı̇

Bu çalışmada at gübresi kompostu ve arıtma çamuru kompostu materyallerinin organik gübre olarak hem teksel (2t/da ve 4 t/da), hem birlikte uygulaması yapılmış ve mineral gübre uygulaması altındaki xerofluvent topraklarda mısır bitkisi yetiştirilmiştir. Çalışma kısa süreli olarak iki farklı bolgelde gerçekleştirilmiştir. Uygulamaların toprak verimlilik özellikleri ile mısır bitkisinin mikro element ve mısır verimi parametreleri üzerine (koçan çapı, koçan boyu, tane sayısı, yaprak sayısı) etkileri incelenmiştir. Her bölümde (killi ve kumlu) toprakların , bazı fiziksel ve kimıyasal ozellikleri arıtma çamuru kompostunun teksel ve at gübresi kompostuyla birlikte kullanıldığı uygulamalar ile artış göstermiştir. Killi tın topraklarda, 4 t/da arıtıma çamuru kompostu teksel ve at gübresi kompostuyla birlikte aynı oranda uygulamasının, toprakların organik madde, alınabilir N, P, ve K içeriklerini olumlu yönde etkilenmiş, bu içerikler kontrole göre artış göstermiştir. En yüksek koçan verimi sırasıyla 4 t/da arıtma çamuru teksel ve at gübresi kompostu karışımı ile elde edilirken, toprakların ve bitkilerin mikro element içerikleri arıtma çamuru kompostu uygulamaları ile artış göstermiş fakat her iki ortamda da bitkisel üretime zarar verecek konsantrasyonlara ulaşmamıştır. HA, TK, SN, SSI, DO ve SY gibi toprağın temel fiziksel parametreleri, tüm uygulamalar, özellikle de arıtma çamuru kompostu uygulamalarında (AÇK-4) iyileşmeler göstermiştir. Kumlu topraklarda , 4t/ arıtma çamuru kompostu uygulamasının toprakların TK, SY, DO ve DY iyileştirmiştir. Arıtma çamuru kompostu uygulamalarının teksel ya da at gübresi kompostu ile birlikte gerçekleştirildiği durumlarda toprakların özellikle Kireç , EC ve alınabilir Cu içerikleri kapsamlarında artış sağladığı saptanmıştır. Fe, Zn, Cu ve Mn elementleri AÇK-4 ve NPK uygulanan parsellerdeki yaprak ve gövdelerde daha fazla çıkmıştır. Mısır verimi açısından , en yüksek koçan boyu ve en fazla yaprak sayısı arıtma çamuru kompostu uygulamalarının teksel ya da at gübresi kompostu ile birlikte yapılması ile elde edilmiştir . En yüksek koçan tane sayısı ve en yüksek koçan çapı sadece arıtma çamur kompostu uygulamaları ile elde edilmiştir.In this study the sewage sludge compost and the horse manure compost were applied alone or , in combination with the NPK mineral fertilizer to a xerofluvent soil. The study was carried out shortly in two different regions. Soil fertility characteristics of the applications, corn plant micro and macro elements and heavy metal content, corn yield parameters (cob diameter, cob length, grain number, number of leaves) were investigated. In each section (clay and sandy) soils, some physical and chemical properties have increased with applications where the treatment sludge is used with monopoly and horse manure. In clay loam soils, the application of sewage sludge compost to 4 t / da in combination with monopoly and horse manure in the same proportion showed positive effects on the organic matter, available N, P, and K contents of the soils, these contents increased compared to the control. While the highest yield of cobs was obtained with a mixture of sludge and horse manure compost at 4 t / h respectively, the microelement content of soils and plants increased with purification sludge applications, but it did not reach concentrations that would damage vegetable production in both environments. The basic physical parameters of soil such as HA, TK, SN, SSI, DO and SY showed improvements in all applications, especially in purification sludge compost applications (AÇK-4). In sandy soils, the application of 4t / purification mud compost improved the soils TK, SY, DO and DY. In cases where treatment sludge applications are carried out together with single or horse manure compost, it has been determined that the soils increase especially in the scope of CaCO3 % , EC and obtainable Cu contents. Fe, Zn, Cu and Mn elements were more exposed in the leaves and stems in the plots where AÇK-4 and NPK were applied. In terms of corn yield, the highest crop length and the highest number of leaves were obtained with the monopoly or horse manure compost of the sludge applications. The highest number of stems and the highest diameter of sticks were obtained only by purification sludge compost applications

Les communautés vulnérables face à la pandémie de Covid19 : le cas de la commune de Bambey

The COVID-19 pandemic, like any health problem, is surrounded by social factors. Its appearance around the world has been the subject of several social strategies written to stop it and its rapid spread in the world has upset some social organizations. This article is an action-research carried out in the municipality of Bambey and focused on social behavior in the face of the unexpected epidemic of COVID-19 in an area marked by situations of poverty and vulnerability. It reports on support and awareness-raising actions in the locality of Bambey. This is an example of the contribution of the social sciences in the fight against the COVID-19 pandemic in underprivileged areas insofar as societies, whether or not they are prepared for unexpected phenomena, react and act to cope. It will be a question of studying the knowledge of the population of the municipality of Bambey on the Covid-19 pandemic and the community actions carried out as a response to this pandemic. Specifically, it involves measuring the level of knowledge and practices, gauging their level of hygiene and cleanliness practice, promoting the transfer of knowledge and measuring the degree of involvement of community organizations in the fight against Covid19. The methodological approach that is appropriate in this research consists of combining the qualitative with the quantitative. The usual cluster sampling subdivided the framework into six zones. In total, we interviewed 2581 households and collected 10 individual interviews in the municipality of Bambey. The data collected during the survey was recorded with Epidata software and then processed with Stata software. From the results recorded, it appears emphatically a saturation of mass communication and poor communication favoring the creation of perceptions and representations detrimental to a good grip of the pandemic. Very attentive to medical instructions and directives from the start, behaviors have changed with the evolution of the pandemic. These situations created a hostile framework for the pandemic and the strategies imposed on the communities failed. At this level, community organizations have taken over and given more confidence to their members, particularly with their social and economic support. These social structures, very close to the populations, first reinvented and readjusted their modes of function and then showed solidarity and support for their members. Through community organizations, research in the social field can better identify the different aspects of the community that come into play in the prevention and management of the Covid19 pandemic, which will make it possible to orient and specify the control strategies effectively or even efficiently, a solid foundation for achieving the SDG3 good health and well-being for all