Human Blood Identification in Crime Scene as a Forensic Clue

مقدمة: الدم هو أحد أكثر الأدلة شيوعًا التي يعثر  عليها في مسرح الجريمة. يتم تشخيص الدم البشري وفقا للسياق الاتي   أولاً موقع بقع الدم ، ثم إجراء الاختبارات الافتراضية ، ثم يتم عمل الاختبارات التاكيدية . تعتبر الاختبارات الجينية والاختبارات المصلية من الاختبارات المهمة في الطب الشرعي.. طرق العمل: تم جمع ثلاثين عينة دم في أنابيب EDTA ، تم جمع 25 منها من البشر وخمس عينات من الأغنام. استمرت هذه الدراسة خمسة أشهر من 23/3 إلى 22/8/2022. أجريت هذه الدراسة في جامعة بابل - كلية العلوم - قسم الأحياء. كان الهدف من هذه الدراسة هو تقييم طقم Hightop للكشف عن الدم البشري. تم تعريض الدم  لظروف جوية مختلفة . ثم فحص باستخدام هذه العدة  لتحديد قدرة المستضد على تحمل الظروف المختلفة وحساسية القياس لهذه العدة. النتائج: أظهرت  النتائج الإيجابية لبقع الدم التي تعرضت لظروف جوية مختلفة لمدة 30 يومًا باستثناء بقع الدم التي وضعت   على سطح أملس اظهرت  نتائج سلبية بعد 10 أيام من التعرض عكس التي كانت مدفونة بالتربة او البقع الدموية على الملابس التي تحملت الضروف الجوية مدة 30 يوما الاستنتاجات: من نتائج  تبين عدة  Hightop مناسبًا في مجال الطب الشرعي لتحديد دم الإنسان الذي يتعرض لظروف بيئية قاسية و كذلك لها القابلية لتميز الدم البشري عن الدم الحيواني و المستضد الهدف لها يتحمل الظروف الجوية.Background: Blood is one of the most common clues found at crime scenes. Human blood is diagnosed according to the following context: first, the location of the blood spots, then virtual tests, then confirmatory tests. Genetic testing and serological testing are important tests in forensic medicine.. Materials and Methods: Thirty blood samples were collected in EDTA tubes, of which 25 were collected from humans and five from sheep. This study lasted five months from 23/3 to 22/8/2022. This study was conducted at Babylon University - College of Science - Department of Biology. The aim of this study was to evaluate the Hightop kit for detection of human blood. The blood was exposed to different weather conditions. Then it was examined using this kit to determine the ability of the antigen to withstand different conditions and the sensitivity of the measurement for this kit. Results: The positive results of blood stains that were exposed to different weather conditions for 30 days, except for blood stains that were placed on a smooth surface, showed negative results after 10 days of exposure, as opposed to those that were buried in the soil or blood stains on clothes that endured weather conditions for 30 days.. Conclusion: The  Hightop kit is suitable in the field of forensic medicine to determine human blood that is exposed to harsh environmental conditions, as well as the ability to distinguish human blood from animal blood and its target antigen bears the weather conditions

Tentorial dural arteriovenous fistulae presenting as transient ischemic attack: Case illustration

Dural arteriovenous fistulae are vascular lesions of the dura mater, usually acquired, consisting of abnormal connections between the dural arteries with the venous sinuses or the cortical veins. A case report presents a case with an unusual form of presentation of the dural (tentorial) arterio-venous fistula simulating a transient ischemic attack in a 60-year-old male patient

SARS-CoV-2 vaccination modelling for safe surgery to save lives: data from an international prospective cohort study

Background: Preoperative SARS-CoV-2 vaccination could support safer elective surgery. Vaccine numbers are limited so this study aimed to inform their prioritization by modelling. Methods: The primary outcome was the number needed to vaccinate (NNV) to prevent one COVID-19-related death in 1 year. NNVs were based on postoperative SARS-CoV-2 rates and mortality in an international cohort study (surgical patients), and community SARS-CoV-2 incidence and case fatality data (general population). NNV estimates were stratified by age (18-49, 50-69, 70 or more years) and type of surgery. Best- and worst-case scenarios were used to describe uncertainty. Results: NNVs were more favourable in surgical patients than the general population. The most favourable NNVs were in patients aged 70 years or more needing cancer surgery (351; best case 196, worst case 816) or non-cancer surgery (733; best case 407, worst case 1664). Both exceeded the NNV in the general population (1840; best case 1196, worst case 3066). NNVs for surgical patients remained favourable at a range of SARS-CoV-2 incidence rates in sensitivity analysis modelling. Globally, prioritizing preoperative vaccination of patients needing elective surgery ahead of the general population could prevent an additional 58 687 (best case 115 007, worst case 20 177) COVID-19-related deaths in 1 year. Conclusion: As global roll out of SARS-CoV-2 vaccination proceeds, patients needing elective surgery should be prioritized ahead of the general population

Effects of pre-operative isolation on postoperative pulmonary complications after elective surgery: an international prospective cohort study an international prospective cohort study

We aimed to determine the impact of pre-operative isolation on postoperative pulmonary complications after elective surgery during the global SARS-CoV-2 pandemic. We performed an international prospective cohort study including patients undergoing elective surgery in October 2020. Isolation was defined as the period before surgery during which patients did not leave their house or receive visitors from outside their household. The primary outcome was postoperative pulmonary complications, adjusted in multivariable models for measured confounders. Pre-defined sub-group analyses were performed for the primary outcome. A total of 96,454 patients from 114 countries were included and overall, 26,948 (27.9%) patients isolated before surgery. Postoperative pulmonary complications were recorded in 1947 (2.0%) patients of which 227 (11.7%) were associated with SARS-CoV-2 infection. Patients who isolated pre-operatively were older, had more respiratory comorbidities and were more commonly from areas of high SARS-CoV-2 incidence and high-income countries. Although the overall rates of postoperative pulmonary complications were similar in those that isolated and those that did not (2.1% vs 2.0%, respectively), isolation was associated with higher rates of postoperative pulmonary complications after adjustment (adjusted OR 1.20, 95%CI 1.05–1.36, p = 0.005). Sensitivity analyses revealed no further differences when patients were categorised by: pre-operative testing; use of COVID-19-free pathways; or community SARS-CoV-2 prevalence. The rate of postoperative pulmonary complications increased with periods of isolation longer than 3 days, with an OR (95%CI) at 4–7 days or ≥ 8 days of 1.25 (1.04–1.48), p = 0.015 and 1.31 (1.11–1.55), p = 0.001, respectively. Isolation before elective surgery might be associated with a small but clinically important increased risk of postoperative pulmonary complications. Longer periods of isolation showed no reduction in the risk of postoperative pulmonary complications. These findings have significant implications for global provision of elective surgical care. We aimed to determine the impact of pre-operative isolation on postoperative pulmonary complications after elective surgery during the global SARS-CoV-2 pandemic. We performed an international prospective cohort study including patients undergoing elective surgery in October 2020. Isolation was defined as the period before surgery during which patients did not leave their house or receive visitors from outside their household. The primary outcome was postoperative pulmonary complications, adjusted in multivariable models for measured confounders. Pre-defined sub-group analyses were performed for the primary outcome. A total of 96,454 patients from 114 countries were included and overall, 26,948 (27.9%) patients isolated before surgery. Postoperative pulmonary complications were recorded in 1947 (2.0%) patients of which 227 (11.7%) were associated with SARS-CoV-2 infection. Patients who isolated pre-operatively were older, had more respiratory comorbidities and were more commonly from areas of high SARS-CoV-2 incidence and high-income countries. Although the overall rates of postoperative pulmonary complications were similar in those that isolated and those that did not (2.1% vs 2.0%, respectively), isolation was associated with higher rates of postoperative pulmonary complications after adjustment (adjusted OR 1.20, 95%CI 1.05–1.36, p = 0.005). Sensitivity analyses revealed no further differences when patients were categorised by: pre-operative testing; use of COVID-19-free pathways; or community SARS-CoV-2 prevalence. The rate of postoperative pulmonary complications increased with periods of isolation longer than 3 days, with an OR (95%CI) at 4–7 days or ≥ 8 days of 1.25 (1.04–1.48), p = 0.015 and 1.31 (1.11–1.55), p = 0.001, respectively. Isolation before elective surgery might be associated with a small but clinically important increased risk of postoperative pulmonary complications. Longer periods of isolation showed no reduction in the risk of postoperative pulmonary complications. These findings have significant implications for global provision of elective surgical care