Prevalence of Rabies in Various Species in Yemen and Risk Factors Contributing to the Spread of the Disease

Objectives: This study aimed to describe for the first time the prevalence of the passively-reported rabies virus among different domestic and wild animals submitted to the Central Veterinary Laboratory from various areas in Yemen, and to study prevalence proportion ratios (PPR) that contributed to the spread of rabies among animals, and its transmission to humans. Methods: A brain sample was obtained from each of the 180 animals and tested for rabies virus by a direct fluorescent antibody test. Results: Out of the total number of animals involved in attacks on humans, 63.3 % were positive for rabies. Of these, dogs were the main animal involved in attacks with a percentage of 92%, of which 62.7% were positive for rabies. Of animals involved in attacks, 70.6% were males of which 60.6% were positive, and 29.4% were females of which 69.8% were positive. Males comprised 68.9% of the total human individuals attacked, of whom 62.9% were attacked by rabies-positive animals. The significant risk factors that contributed to the spread of rabies in general included the presence of poultry carcasses and other waste in the vicinity of the attacks (PPR = 9.5) with a percentage of 84.8%, followed by the time of year, in particular school vacations (PPR = 3.8) with a percentage of 78%. Conclusion: Rabies is endemic in Yemen with a very high rabies-positive rate for animals involved in attacks, particularly for stray male dogs. Male children were most often involved in attacks by rabies-positive animals. The presence of food waste (particularly poultry carcasses) and school vacation periods were found to correlate significantly with increased risk for human exposure to rabies

PREVALENCE, ANTIMICROBIAL SUSCEPTIBILITY PATTERN AND RISK FACTORS OF MRSA ISOLATED FROM CLINICAL SPECIMENS AMONG MILITARY PATIENTS AT 48 MEDICAL COMPOUND IN SANA'A CITY-YEMEN

Objective: Methicillin-resistant strains of S. aureus evolved in the 1970 and have troubled hospitals worldwide with persistent infections in patients. The objectives of this study were to determine the prevalence, antimicrobial susceptibility pattern and risk factors of MRSA isolated from clinical specimens among military patients at 48 Medical Compound in Sana'a city - Yemen. Methods: The study included 233 patients of whom suffering from Staphylococcus aureus infections. Specimens and data collected from November 2016 to November 2017. Standard methods of isolation and identifications were used to isolate bacteria in pours culture then Staphylococcus aureus were identifying using standard cultural techniques. MRSA was determined by the disc diffusion method to oxacillin and antimicrobial susceptibility testing was performed by the disc diffusion method for selected antibiotics. Results:  The prevalence rate of MRSA was 19.3% and there was significant association between MRSA and older age patients, and surgical site infections. There was higher rate of antibiotics resistant for tested antibiotics in MRSA isolates comparing with lower rate of antibiotics resistant in MSSA. 60% of the MRSA isolates were resistant to vancomycin. They were also susceptible to erythromycin and rifampicin (100%), but showed resistance to Cotrimoxazole and Gentamycine. Conclusion:  In conclusion, the emergence of S. aureus isolates resistant to vancomycin and other wide range of antibiotics have raised MRSA in Yemen into a multi-drug-resistant ‘Superbug”, making it more and more dangerous than ever in hospital environments. Regular surveillance of hospital associated infections and monitoring antibiotic sensitivity pattern and strict drug policy for antibiotics used within and outside the hospital environments are recommend. Peer Review History: Received 20 June 2018;   Revised 29 June; Accepted 5 July, Available online 15 July 2018 UJPR follows the most transparent and toughest ‘Advanced OPEN peer review’ system. The identity of the authors and, reviewers will be known to each other. This transparent process will help to eradicate any possible malicious/purposeful interference by any person (publishing staff, reviewer, editor, author, etc) during peer review. As a result of this unique system, all reviewers will get their due recognition and respect, once their names are published in the papers. We expect that, by publishing peer review reports with published papers, will be helpful to many authors for drafting their article according to the specifications. Auhors will remove any error of their article and they will improve their article(s) according to the previous reports displayed with published article(s). The main purpose of it is ‘to improve the quality of a candidate manuscript’. Our reviewers check the ‘strength and weakness of a manuscript honestly’. There will increase in the perfection, and transparency. Received file:        Reviewer's Comments: Average Peer review marks at initial stage: 6.5/10 Average Peer review marks at publication stage: 8.5/10 Reviewer(s) detail: Dr. Tanveer Ahmed Khan, Hajvery University, Lahore, Pakistan, [email protected] Dr. Wilman Ismael Carrillo Terán, Technical University of Ambato Avda, Ecuador, [email protected] Similar Articles: BIOFILM FORMATION AND ANTIBIOTIC SUSCEPTIBILITY OF UROPATHOGENS IN PATIENTS WITH CATHETER ASSOCIATED URINARY TRACT INFECTIONS IN IBB CITY -YEME

INTERLEUKIN-22 SERUM LEVELS IN PATIENTS WITH RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS IN SANA'A CITY, YEMEN

Objective: Interleukin (IL) -22 is a novel mediator of a member of IL-10 family cytokines that is produced by many different types of lymphocytes including both those of innate and adaptive immune system. This cytokine has potent proliferative and inflammatory effects on different cell lines. Recently, accumulated data has indicated that IL-22 plays an important role in the pathogenesis of rheumatoid arthritis (RA). We aimed to investigate the levels of IL-22 and its association with demographic, clinical data as well as serological markers in RA. Methods: IL-22 serum levels were measured in 45 newly diagnosed RA patients without any treatment and 45 healthy individuals as control by a manual Enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Correlations of IL-22 serum levels were sought with demographic, clinical data and serological parameters. IL-22 levels were significantly elevated in serum of RA patients (median= 86.89ng/ml and range = 896) compared to serum of healthy control (median=75.36ng/ml and range=459), p=.022. Results: The IL-22 levels were correlated positively with C-reactive protein (CRP), anti-cyclic citrullinated peptide (ACCP) antibodies in RA patients. Significant higher levels of serum IL-22 in RA patients compare with those in healthy control. Conclusion: Highly significant association between serum levels of IL-22 and the serological markers (CRP and ACCP antibodies) in the diagnosis of RA suggest the potential levels of IL-22 as a valuable biomarker for the evaluation of disease severity in RA patients. Peer Review History: Received 1 April 2018;   Revised 15 April; Accepted 6 May, Available online 15 May 2018 UJPR follows the most transparent and toughest ‘Advanced OPEN peer review’ system. The identity of the authors and, reviewers will be known to each other. This transparent process will help to eradicate any possible malicious/purposeful interference by any person (publishing staff, reviewer, editor, author, etc) during peer review. As a result of this unique system, all reviewers will get their due recognition and respect, once their names are published in the papers. We expect that, by publishing peer review reports with published papers, will be helpful to many authors for drafting their article according to the specifications. Auhors will remove any error of their article and they will improve their article(s) according to the previous reports displayed with published article(s). The main purpose of it is ‘to improve the quality of a candidate manuscript’. Our reviewers check the ‘strength and weakness of a manuscript honestly’. There will increase in the perfection, and transparency. Received file:        Reviewer's Comments: Average Peer review marks at initial stage: 6.5/10 Average Peer review marks at publication stage: 8.0/10 Reviewer(s) detail: Dr. Hatem Sameir Abbas, Al-Azhar University, Egypt, [email protected] Dr. George Zhu, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran, [email protected] Similar Articles: THE ASSOCIATION BETWEEN LEVELS OF HEPCIDIN, IRON STATUS AND MICRO-INFLAMMATION MARKERS AMONG HAEMODIALYSI

SEROPREVALENCE OF ANTI-MANNOSE BINDING LECTIN AUTOANTIBODIES IN PATIENTS WITH RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS IN SANA'A CITY- YEMEN

Objective: Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) characterized by synovial inflammation and destruction of cartilage and bone. Until now there is no single test that diagnoses RA, however, several blood tests may suggest the presence of this disease. RA is associated with the presence of a number of autoantibodies as such as rheumatoid factor (RF), anti-cyclic citrullinated peptide (ACPA) and anti-mannose binding lectin (anti-MBL). This study aimed firstly to investigate the presence of anti-MBL autoantibodies in the sera of RA patients and healthy controls and secondly to determine the diagnostic value of this marker in comparison with the classical RF, C- reactive protein (CRP) and ACPA among RA cases. Methods: This case-control study was conducted at four health establishments; two public (Al-Thawra Modern General Hospital and National Center of Central Public Health Laboratories) and two private (University of Science and Technology Hospital and Aulqi Specialized Medical Laboratories) in Sana'a city. Ninety-four individuals were enrolled in this study. Forty-seven persons were clinically diagnosed to have RA by a rheumatologist and 47 healthy subjects without RA were used as controls. Sera were separated and tested for presence of serum anti-MBL autoantibodies, ACPA, RF and CRP by a commercially available enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and latex agglutination technique.   Results: Study results showed that the mean±SD for the levels of serum anti-MBL autoantibodies among RA cases were 394±243 ng/ml which were significantly higher than that recorded among healthy controls (217±173 ng/ml). The levels of serum anti-MBL autoantibodies were associated with positive RF and CRP tests (p=.02 and .007 respectively), but not with positive ACPA test (p=.42). Conclusion: The result of this study showed higher levels of serum anti-MBL autoantibodies among RA cases comparing with the healthy controls and reveal an association with positive results for RF and CRP, but not with ACPA. Therefore, the anti-MBL antibody levels may associated with systemic autoimmune diseases and might not exclusive to RA. Peer Review History: Received 8 May 2018;   Revised 12 May; Accepted 14 May, Available online 15 May 2018 UJPR follows the most transparent and toughest ‘Advanced OPEN peer review’ system. The identity of the authors and, reviewers will be known to each other. This transparent process will help to eradicate any possible malicious/purposeful interference by any person (publishing staff, reviewer, editor, author, etc) during peer review. As a result of this unique system, all reviewers will get their due recognition and respect, once their names are published in the papers. We expect that, by publishing peer review reports with published papers, will be helpful to many authors for drafting their article according to the specifications. Auhors will remove any error of their article and they will improve their article(s) according to the previous reports displayed with published article(s). The main of it is ‘to improve the quality of a candidate manuscript’. Our reviewers check the ‘strength and weakness of a manuscript honestly’. There will increase in the perfection, and transparency. Received file:        Reviewer's Comments: Average Peer review marks at initial stage: 6.5/10 Average Peer review marks at publication stage: 8.0/10 Reviewer(s) detail: Dr. Ahmad Abdelsattar El-Ebiary, Tanta University Hospitals, Tanta, Egypt, [email protected] Dr. Anthony C. C. Egbuonu, Michael Okpara University of Agriculture, Nigeria,  [email protected] Similar Articles: PREVALENCE OF DYSLIPIDEMIA AND ITS ASSOCIATION WITH DISEASE ACTIVITY IN PATIENTS WITH RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS IN SULAIMANI GOVERNORATE THE ASSOCIATION OF EPSTEIN-BARR VIRUS ANTIBODIES WITH RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS AMONG YEMENI PATIENTS IN SANA’A CITY INTERLEUKIN-22 SERUM LEVELS IN PATIENTS WITH RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS IN SANA'A CITY, YEME

COLONIZATION OF PATHOGENIC AEROBIC BACTERIA IN THE EXTERNAL EAR AND EFFECTS OF CERUMEN TYPES, AGE, AND GENDER ON COLONIZATION

Aims: The study aimed to study the prevalence of pathogenic aerobic bacteria colonization in the outer ear and to determine the prevalence of cerumen types among different ages and sex of selected individuals in Sana'a city. Also determined the effects of cerumen types, age, and gender on the incidence of pathogenic aerobic bacterial colonization. Methods:  The present study was take place in the Department of Medical Microbiology and ENT Department, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Sana’a University. The study request was acceptable by the ethics committee of the Faculty. Written informed consent was taken from the chosen participants. Families of the study sample members residing in the various sectors of Sana'a city were visited at home in which participants were randomly selected from all age groups and sexes. Households were reviewed on time and clinical examination of the ear was done and results were recorded and ear swab samples were collected. The rapid visual identification of cerumen was performed.  The culture samples were collected and transferred to the laboratory then culture and bacterial growth was identified by standard bacteriological methods. Results: The study included 246 healthy persons, 33.3% of them male and 66.7% were females. The age ranged from 1 -80 years with mean age equal to 34.2±18.7 years, 96.3% of the study subjects have the wet type and only 3.7% have the dry type of cerumen, 2.03% had impacted cerumen. The most prevalent isolate from the outer ear was Staphylococcus aureus with 35 strains (14.2%), followed by Psedumonas aureginosa with 14 strains (5.7%). Klebsiella spp, Streptococcus pyogenes and Hemophilus influenzae isolates were less frequent with 7 (2.8%), 6 (2.4%) and 5 (2.03%) isolates, respectively. Positive growth for bacterial pathogens was significantly associated with males (OR=1.8, p=0.03), ≤15 years group (OR=2.5, p=0.01), and dry-type cerumen (OR=8.9, p=0.001). Conclusion: There are two distinct and specific types of cerumen, wet and dry, of which the wet type appears to be the most common in Yemen, and of the subspecies of the wet type, honey brown was dominant. The present study concluded that some pathogenic bacteria that can cause otitis externa are naturally present in the normal external auditory canal. The most prevalent isolate was Staphylococcus aureus, followed by Psedumonas aureginosa, Klebsiella spp, Streptococcus pyogenes, and Hemophilus influenzae. Hence clinicians must find a history of any predisposing factors before interpreting laboratory culture reports.                        Peer Review History: Received: 4 November 2022; Revised: 8 December; Accepted: 5 January 2023, Available online: 15 January 2023 Academic Editor: Ahmad Najib, Universitas Muslim Indonesia,  Indonesia, [email protected] Received file:                             Reviewer's Comments: Average Peer review marks at initial stage: 6.0/10 Average Peer review marks at publication stage: 7.0/10 Reviewers: Dr. George Zhu, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran, [email protected] Dr. A.A. Mgbahurike, University of Port Harcourt, Nigeria, [email protected]

Resistance of anti-tuberculosis drugs among pulmonary tuberculosis patients in Yemen

Background: Tuberculosis (TB) is still a major global public health problem worldwide. The global prevalence of Mycobacterium (M tuberculosis) infection has been estimated in 32% of the world population with more than 8 million new cases diagnosed each year. Materials and Methods: A total of 192 M tuberculosis complex isolates were collected from patients with positive sputum smear who had been treated previously with the four main anti- tuberculosis drugs for more than two months. The isolates were identified by their colonial morphology, pigmentation, shapes on Ziehl-Neelsen smears, growth on Löwenstein-Jenson medium and biochemical tests as niacin and nitrate tests. A proportional method was used for the in vitro drug susceptibility testing.Objective: To estimate drug resistance among previously treated tuberculosis patients, focusing on multi-drug resistant strains at two time intervals (2002 and 2009) in Yemen. Results: Of the 192 M tuberculosis complex tested isolates, 55 (28.7%) were resistant to one or more drug; 20 (10.4%) were resistant to one drug, 13 (6.8%) to two drugs, 13 (6.8%) to three drugs and 9 (4.7%) to four drugs. Regarding the resistance to an individual drug, out of 192 tested isolates, 36 (18.7%) were resistant to rifampicin, 34 (17.7%) to isoniazid, 33 (17.2%) to ethambutol and 18 (9.4%) to streptomycin and these results were without a statistical significance. The incidence of multidrug resistance against rifampicin and isoniazid with or without other drugs was 13.5% among the tested M tuberculosis complex strains and this result was also without a statistical significance. Conclusion: The results of this study revealed nearly similar drug resistance patterns for the tested isolates in comparison with previous findings of 2002 and the emergence of more multi-drug resistance M tuberculosis complex strains after a time interval in Yemen

CHILDHOOD URINARY TRACT INFECTION: CLINICAL SIGNS, BACTERIAL CAUSES AND ANTIBIOTIC SUSCEPTIBILITY

Background and objective: Urinary tract infections (UTIs) are the neglected infection in children from the side of study its clinical symptoms, causative organisms and their antibiotic sensitivity. This investigation searches for determine clinical symptoms frequency, prevalence rate, bacterial features, and  antibiotic sensitivity of bacterial urinary tract infection in children attending private children’s health center in Sana’a city. Methods: In a prospective study carried out over a 24-month period, 1925 samples from children patients suspected of having a UTI were investigated, of which 175 were culture-positive. Clinical and demographic data were collected. Isolated bacteria were identified by standard tests, and antibiotic susceptibility was performed by the disk diffusion method. Results: Fever was the most frequent symptom that occurred (88%) while other UTI symptoms were less frequent than that reported in adult patients for UTI. The most common etiological agent was Escherichia coli (89.7%), followed Staphylococcus aureus (3.4%), Klebsiella spp (2.9%), Proteus spp (2.3%), and beta haemolytic streptococci (1.7%).  Results of antimicrobial resistant for E. coli, as the most prevalent cause of UTI, to commonly used antibiotics are ranged from less than 3% for  levofloxacin, gentamicin,  amikacin and cefoxitin to more than 75% for  tetracycline, nalidixic acid,  doxycycline,  co-trimoxazol and amoxicillin . Conclusions: The results show the most common  symptom of UTI are fever and lack of more obvious symptoms of UTI in adult patients. The antimicrobial resistance patterns of the causes of UTI are highly changeable and constant surveillance of trends in resistance patterns of uropathogens among children  is essential.                   Peer Review History: Received: 11 July 2021; Revised: 13 August; Accepted: 5 September, Available online: 15 September 2021 Academic Editor:  Ahmad Najib, Universitas Muslim Indonesia, Makassar, Indonesia, [email protected] UJPR follows the most transparent and toughest ‘Advanced OPEN peer review’ system. The identity of the authors and, reviewers will be known to each other. This transparent process will help to eradicate any possible malicious/purposeful interference by any person (publishing staff, reviewer, editor, author, etc) during peer review. As a result of this unique system, all reviewers will get their due recognition and respect, once their names are published in the papers. We expect that, by publishing peer review reports with published papers, will be helpful to many authors for drafting their article according to the specifications. Auhors will remove any error of their article and they will improve their article(s) according to the previous reports displayed with published article(s). The main purpose of it is ‘to improve the quality of a candidate manuscript’. Our reviewers check the ‘strength and weakness of a manuscript honestly’. There will increase in the perfection, and transparency.  Received file:                Reviewer's Comments: Average Peer review marks at initial stage: 6.0/10 Average Peer review marks at publication stage: 7.0/10 Reviewers: Dr. Nuray Arı, Ankara University, Turkiye, [email protected] Dr. Salfarina Ramli,  Department of Pharmacology and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universiti Teknologi MARA, 42300 Puncak Alam, Selangor, Malaysia. [email protected]   Dr. Wadhah Hassan Ali Edrees, Hajja University, Yemen, [email protected] Dr. Asia Selman Abdullah, University of Basrah, Iraq, [email protected] Similar Articles: URINARY TRACT INFECTIONS IN POST OPERATIVE PATIENTS: PREVALENCE RATE, BACTERIAL PROFILE, ANTIBIOTIC SENSITIVITY AND SPECIFIC RISK FACTORS  BIOFILM FORMATION AND ANTIBIOTIC SUSCEPTIBILITY OF UROPATHOGENS IN PATIENTS WITH CATHETER ASSOCIATED URINARY TRACT INFECTIONS IN IBB CITY -YEME

PATTERN OF LIVER DISEASE ADMISSIONS AT A TERTIARY GOVERNMENT HOSPITAL IN SANA’A, YEMEN

Back ground and objectives:  Liver disease causes major public health problems international, especially in poor countries, and it is associated with poor long-term clinical outcomes and results in the deaths of millions worldwide annually. The aim of this study is to ascertain the virtual frequencies of liver disease and to assess etiological factors among patients admitted to Al-Thawra tertiary Hospital in Sana'a City, Yemen. Methods:  This was a descriptive retrospective analysis study of gastrointestinal patients admitted from January 1, 2021 to December 31, 2021 to the medical wards of Al-Thawra Hospital. This is a tertiary hospital located in the Yemeni capital, Sana'a City. Data were extracted from patient case folders for the period of under review. Data validated with Microsoft Excel version 13 and exported to SPSS version 23.0 for windows; for statistical analysis. Data were evaluated for demographic and other clinical characteristics as definite variables. Results: Of the 516 gastroenterology patients admitted to the gastroenterology service in medical wards during a one-year period, liver disease accounted for 30% of all gastroenterology in the same period. There were 155 patients diagnosed with liver disease. There were 86 (55.5%) males and 69 (44.5%) females, with a male to female ratio of 1.2:1. The mean overall age of patients and the age range were 46.14±16.5 and 8-85 years, respectively. The peak incidence of age occurred during the fifth and sixth decades of life at 38.1%. The most common liver disease was; autoimmune hepatitis 43 (27.7%), followed by nonalcoholic fatty liver disease 35 (22.6%), viral hepatitis 32 (20.6%) and schistosomiasis 10 (6.5%). Conclusion:  Current findings show that autoimmune hepatitis was the most common cause among gastrointestinal diseases in Sana'a city, Yemen; the male to female ratio was roughly the same. In light of this, health education and public awareness about hepatitis virus screening tests and schistosomiasis screening and treatment is the primary preventive strategy to be considered.                        Peer Review History: Received: 4 July 2022; Revised: 12 August; Accepted: 7 September, Available online: 15 September 2022 Academic Editor: Dr. Gehan Fawzy Abdel Raoof Kandeel, Pharmacognosy Department, National Research Centre, Dokki, 12622,  Giza, Egypt, [email protected]  Received file:                             Reviewer's Comments: Average Peer review marks at initial stage: 6.0/10 Average Peer review marks at publication stage: 7.5/10 Reviewers: Dr. Bilge Ahsen KARA, Ankara Gazi Mustafa Kemal Hospital, Turkey, [email protected] Dr. Tamer Elhabibi, Suez Canal University, Egypt, [email protected] Dr. Rima Benatoui,Laboratory of Applied Neuroendocrinology, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Badji Mokhtar University Annaba, Algeria.  [email protected] Dr. A.A. Mgbahurike, University of Port Harcourt, Nigeria, [email protected] Similar Articles:   PREVALENCE OF HEPATITIS G VIRUS AMONG PATIENTS WITH CHRONIC LIVER DISEASE AND HEALTHY INDIVIDUALS, SANA'A CITY-YEME

ANTIBIOTIC SENSITIVITY OF BACTERIAL BLOODSTREAM INFECTIONS IN THE INTENSIVE CARE UNIT PATIENTS OF UNIVERSITY HOSPITALS IN SANA'A CITY, YEMEN

Aim: High rates of morbidity and mortality are associated to bacterial bloodstream infections (B-BSI) in many hospitals, especially in the intensive care unit. This study investigated the prevalence of antibiotic- and multidrug-resistant bacteria isolated from blood samples of patients in intensive care units of university hospitals in the city of Sana'a, Yemen. Subjects and methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted on sepsis patients admitted to intensive care units in four hospitals in Sana'a, Yemen, between January 1 and April 30, 2022. The blood cultures of patients suspected of suffering from sepsis were performed. The potential bacterial pathogens were isolated and identified using standard laboratory methods, and microbial susceptibility testing was performed using the disk diffusion technique. Results: For all identified bacteria, the average resistance rate to a broad spectrum of antibiotics tested ranged from 22.5% to 98.1%, with cefazoline (98.1%) having the greatest resistance rates, followed by amoxicillin (87.2%) and cefixime (83%). Vancomycin had a resistance rate of 4.8% whereas erythromycin had a resistance rate of 75% for Gram-positive bacteria. For Gram-negative bacteria, the resistance rates to narrow spectrum antibiotics ranged from 2.3% for colistin sulphate to 84.8% for aztreonam. Our isolates' MDR rates for resistance to at least three classes of antibiotics were 52.2% and 8.7%, respectively, for resistance to 10 different classes of broad-spectrum antibiotics and their subclasses. Conclusion: Gram positive bacteria are highly resistant to erythromycin and penicillin, while gram negative organisms are highly resistant to amoxcillin+clavulanic acid, ciprofloxacin, and all generations of cephalosporins. This study highlights the significance of prompt clinical and bacteriological monitoring among patients in critical care conditions, such as ICU patients, and also illustrates the establishment and rates of Multi Drug Resistance (MDR) pathogens.                         Peer Review History: Received: 27 August 2023; Revised: 13 September; Accepted: 29 October, Available online: 15 November 2023 Academic Editor: Dr. Asia Selman Abdullah, Pharmacy institute, University of Basrah, Iraq, [email protected] Received file:                             Reviewer's Comments: Average Peer review marks at initial stage: 6.0/10 Average Peer review marks at publication stage: 7.5/10 Reviewers: Dr. Tamer Elhabibi, Suez Canal University, Egypt, [email protected] Dr. Wadhah Hassan Ali Edrees, Hajja University, Yemen, [email protected]

THE EFFECT OF DENTAL IMPLANTS ON AEROBIC BACTERIA COLONIZATION IN THE ORAL CAVITY AND THE ANTIBIOTIC PROFILE OF COMMON ISOLATED AEROBIC BACTERIA

Background and aims: The mouth's microflora may alter as a result of dental implants. The purpose of this study was to examine the composition of aerobic bacteria in patients with dental implants and those who had natural teeth (without implants) as well as the response of those bacteria to antibiotic treatment. Methods: Bacteriological tests were performed on 72 patients (36 dental implants and 36 natural teeth) who visited dental clinics run by Sana'a University's Faculty of Dentistry and private dental clinics. Antibiotic susceptibility tests and culture trials were carried out at the National Center for Public Health Laboratories (NCPHL) in Sana'a, Yemen. Swabs were taken from the mucous membrane of the palate and the dorsum of the tongue from both groups, and cultured on selective and non-selective solid medium, in addition to culturing the swabs on medium enriched with 5% blood, then all cultured plates were incubated to microaerophilic conditions (5% CO2) and oxygenated in 37oC for 48 hours. Then bacterial growth was identified by standard methods. Results: In implant patients, the rate of bacterial isolates from the palate and tongue was slightly higher for potentially harmful bacteria such as E. coli (8.3% in tongue implant patients vs. 2.8% in non-implant patients) and Pseudomonas aeruginosa (5.6% versus 0%). While in viridians Streptococcus including S. mutans, there was a higher colonization rate in implants patients (83.3% in the palate verses, 75% in the palate of individuals without implants). A low level of oxacillin resistance (5.1%) in S. mutans isolates but S. mutans had a substantial level of tetracycline resistance (55.93%), 11.9% for co-trimoxazole, 10.2% for erythromycin, and just 1.7% for clindamycin. Conclusion: The study found that pathogenic bacteria like E. coli and Pseudomonas aeruginosa were isolated from the palate and the back of the tongue swabs at a slightly elevated rate in implant patients; also colonization rates of Streptococcus viridians, including S. mutans, were higher in implant patients compared to those without implants. There was a significant levels of antibiotics resistance in S. aureus, CoNs and S. viridians oral isolates in both groups of tested individuals.                           Peer Review History: Received: 14 June 2023; Revised: 13 July; Accepted: 17 August, Available online: 15 September 2023 Academic Editor: Dr. A.A. Mgbahurike, University of Port Harcourt, Nigeria, [email protected] Received file:                             Reviewer's Comments: Average Peer review marks at initial stage: 6.0/10 Average Peer review marks at publication stage: 8.0/10 Reviewers: Dr. Rola Jadallah, Arab American University, Palestine, [email protected] Dr. Bilge Ahsen KARA, Ankara Gazi Mustafa Kemal Hospital, Turkey, [email protected]