Whipworms in humans and pigs: origins and demography

© 2016 Hawash et al. Open Access This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated. The attached file is the published version of the article.NHM Repositor

A Low-Cost Educational Remotely Controlled Solar Energy Laboratory

This paper proposes the hardware and software implementation of the system required to establish a low-cost educational remotely controlled solar energy laboratory. The system consists of two main parts, a Solar Energy System and a Remotely Controlled Laboratory. The Solar Energy System is a Photovoltaic system, which consists of multiple photovoltaic cells that convert solar radiation (sunlight) or normal lights into usable direct current (DC) electricity, and then it either charges a backup battery or uses an inverter circuit that changes direct current (DC) to alternating current (AC). The other part of the system is a Remotely Controlled Laboratory, aimed at enabling students to control solar energy experiments remotely

1-Benzoyl-3-[3-cyano-8-methyl-4-(1-methyl-1H-pyrrol-2-yl)-5,6,7,8-tetra­hydro­quinolin-2-yl]thio­urea

In the N-substituted benzoyl­thio­urea, C24H23N5OS, the benzoyl­thio­urea unit is non-planar (r.m.s. deviation = 0.126 Å). The aliphatic part of the tetra­hydro­quinoline fused-ring system is disordered over two positions in a 0.592 (5):0.408 (5) ratio. The pyridine and pyrrole rings are twisted by 55.2 (1)° in order to avoid crowding of their respective substituents. Pairs of mol­ecules are linked by N—H⋯N hydrogen bonds, forming centrosymmetric dimers. Furthermore, an intra­molecular N—H⋯O hydrogen bond stabilizes the mol­ecular conformation

Geochemical characteristics of ground water modelling in the Northeast Missan (Southern Iraq)

Tez sahasındaki topografik yükseltiler 7–440 m arasındadır. Alanda, Teeb ve Dewereg isimli iki mevsimlik dere bulunmaktadır. Derelerin her ikisinin de kaynağı İran bölgesindedir. İki akarsuyun da boşalımı da yağışa bağlıdır. İki akarsu da maksimum debisine kışın (Ocak ve Mart arası) ulaşır, minimum debi ise yaz aylarında görülmektedir. Jeomorfolojik açıdan çalışma alanı düzdür ve Irak kuzey doğusunda yer alan dağ eteği ile sınırlı bir alandır. Irak -İran sınırındaki alanda en yaygın arazi türü vadi ağları, alüvyon yelpazeleri, taşkın ovası, tuzlu yerler (sebkha), bataklıklar (ahwar) ve Kumullarından oluşur. Tektonik olarak çalışma alanının en büyük kısmı Mezopotamya bölgesi içindedir. Jeolojik olarak çalışma alanının büyük kısmı flüvyal, gölsel ve güncel çökellerden oluşmaktadır. Kuvaterner çökelleri çalışma alanının %72'sini oluştururken Tersiyer sedimanları % 28'ini oluşturmaktadır. Bölge stratigrafik olarak Tersiyer (Mukdadiyah-BaiHassan) ve Kuvaterner formasyonlarından oluşmaktadır. Çalışma alanı karasal iklim özelliklerinde olup, yazlar sıcak ve kurak, kışlar soğuk ve yağışlıdır. Yıllık yağışın yaklaşık % 90'ı Kasım ve Nisan ayları arasındadır. Bu yağışların çoğu Aralık ve Mart aylarında olmaktadır. Yılın diğer ayları sıcak ve kuraktır. Su bilançosu değerleri Thornthwaite yöntemi kullanılarak hesaplanmıştır. Nem bilançosuna göre toprağın su fazlası sadece Ocak ve Şubat aylarında toplam 34,76 mm'dir. Gerçek buharlaşma-terleme de yağışın %126'sını oluşturmaktadır. İnceleme alanı genellikle, çalılık, ot ve mera, çim ile çorak arazi şeklindedir. Bu arazi kullanım alanları sırayla çalışma alanının %90, %6, %3, ve %1.3'ünü oluşturur. USDA (ABD Tarım Bakanlıgı) toprak sınıflandırma sistemine göre alanda dört adet hidrolojik toprak grubu tanımlanır: A, B, C ve D sınıfları mevcut olup inceleme alanındaki oranları sırasıyla %14, %45, %28 ve %13'dür. Tez sahasında Tersiyer ve Kuvaterner birimleri içinde akifer sistemler yer almaktadır. Kuvaterner'de serbest ve yarı basınçlı, Tersiyer'de ise serbest ve basınçlı akifer seviyeler yer almaktadır. Bu akifer sistemler beslenme bölgesinden boşalım bölgesine doğru birbirleriyle ilişkili olup tek bir su seviyesine sahiptir. Akifer sistemlerin beslenme bölgesini genellikle Himreen tepeleri oluştururken boşalım bölgesi tez sahasının güneybatısı oluşturmaktadır. Kuvaterner çökellerinin hidrolik iletkenlik değerleri 0.5-15.5 m/gün arasındadır. Tersiyer çökellerinde ise 2-25 m/gün arasındadır. Hidrolik İletkenlik değeri aynı zamanda güneyden kuzeye artmaktadır. Akarsuların hidrokimyasal parametreleri, akış yolu boyunca farklılık göstermektedir. Bu farklılıklar temel olarak akış yolu boyunca karşılaşılan jeolojik ve hidrolojik şartlardan kaynaklanmaktadır. Jeokimyasal modelleme sonuçlarına göre bölgenin Teeb deresi bölümünde anhidrit, jips çözünmesi, Ca+2/Na+ katyon değişimi, kalsit, stronsiyanit, dolomit, siderit ve hematit çökelmesinin ana kimyasal reaksiyonlar olduğunu göstermektedir. Dewereg deresi tarafında ise herhangi bir spesifik kimyasal reaksiyon bulunmamaktadır. Sığ yeraltı suyu ve akarsular arasında karışım oranları belirlenmiş olup, bu ortamda buharlaşmanın da etkili olduğu görülmüştür. Hidrojen ve oksijen kararlı izotopik çalışmalarda sulara ait noktalar meteorik su hattına yaklaşık paralel ve yakın düşmüş olup, suların meteorik kökenli olduğunu göstermektedir. Yeraltı suyunun trityum değerleri 0-2 TU arasında olup, yıllık ve bir kaç 10 yıllık sulardan oluşabileceği tahmin edilmiştir.The topographic elevation ranges from 7 to 440 m. The area is crossed by two ephemeral streams namely, Teeb and Dewereg. The source of both is Iran territory. The average discharges of both streams depend on rainfall. Both streams attained maximum flows during winter months (January through March), while the minimum flows occur during summer months. From the geomorphological point of view, the study area is flat and featureless surface bounded by the foothill zone in the northeast along the Iraqi-Iranian border. The most common landforms within the interested area are valley networks, alluvial fans, flood plain, sebkhahs, ahwar (marshs), and sand dunes. Tectonically, the largest part of the study area lies in the Mesopotamian structure zone.. Geologically, most part of the study area is covered with fluviatile, lacustrine, aeloian sediments of recent age. The Quaternary deposits encompass about 72% of the study area whereas the Tertiary sediments occupy 28%. The stratigraphic column consists of the following formations Mukdadiyah, Bai Hassan, and Quaternary deposits. The climate of the study area is continental characterized by hot, dry summer, cold winter and pleasant spring and fall. Approximately 90% of the annual rainfall occurs between of November and April, most of it occur in the winter months of December to March. The remaining six months are dry and hot. The values of water budget were calculated by Thornthwaite method. The water balance calculations indicated that the amount of water surplus is (34.765 mm) for January and June months. The actual evapotranspirationwhich making (126 %) of the amount of rainfall in the region. Four land use/ land cover classes are recognized in the study area: Shrub land, Barren land, grass and pasture, and grass land. These classes occupy 90%, 6%, 3%, and 1.3% from the study area, respectively. According to the USDA soil classification system, four hydrological soil groups are recognized in the study area: A, B, C, and D with 14%, 45%, 28%, and 13%, respectively. The aquifers systim are located in the Tertiary and Quaternary deposites s for studied area. The Quaternary sediments contains on the unconfined and semi-confined aquifers, while Tertiary uni included confined and unconfined aquifer. This aquifer systems have single water level between of recharge and discharge region which have associated with each other. The flow direction as inferred from the map of groundwater heads is from northeast to southeast similar to topographic elevation trend. The north and northeast areas(Himreen hills) of the study area represent the recharge zone while the south and southwest areas represent discharge zone. Hydraulic conductivity values of the Quaternary deposits range from 0.5 to 15.5 m/d and less than that for Tertiary (2-25 m/d). Transmissivity parameter also increases from south to north, indication capability of aquifer to transmit water in this direction. Hydrochemical parameters of the Rivers show significant temporal variations along the river stations. These differences mainly may be due to the effects of various human activities along the river stations knowing that these stations are affected by the same geological and hydrological conditions. Geochemical modeling results indicate that dissolution of dolomite, gypsum, siderite, cation exchange of Ca2+ /Na+ and precipitation of calcite, and hematite are the main chemical reactions in Teeb side, whereas no specific reactions can be shown in Dewereg side. Mixing models of the shallow groundwater and Rivers show various patterns which are also affected by other factors such as the aquifer recharge and evaporation especially at the most shallow parts. Stable isotopes of hydrogen and oxygen explain different signatures in studied area. It was concluded that recharge water undergoes significant evaporation through it transit to the aquifer. Tritium values of groundwater are around 0-2 TU, which has been estimated to occur from yearly and few decades waters

Risk of recurrent shoulder dystocia: are we any closer to prediction?

Objective: To determine the incidence and risk factors for recurrent shoulder dystocia in women. Methods: We searched Medline, Pubmed, Embase, and CINAHL for relevant articles in English and French from 1980 to February 2018 that described risks of recurrent shoulder dystocia undergoing a trial of labour in subsequent pregnancies. A total of 684 articles were found, of which 13 were included as they met criteria. We extracted data on study characteristics, incidence of recurrent shoulder dystocia, degree of neonatal injury, and presence of known risk factors. Results: There was a wide variation in the incidence of shoulder dystocia in subsequent pregnancies from 1-25%. The largest cohort reported a risk of 13.5%. The most important risk factor for recurrent shoulder dystocia is an increase in birthweight in the subsequent pregnancy compared to the index pregnancy (OR 7-12). Prolonged second stage, instrumental delivery, maternal diabetes, increased maternal BMI, and severe neonatal morbidity in the index pregnancy were also associated with an increased risk of recurrent shoulder dystocia. However, many of these risk factors were present in women who did not have a recurrent shoulder dystocia. In addition, women with recurrent shoulder dystocia rarely had identifiable risk factors, other than the history of previous shoulder dystocia. Sample sizes were low as most studies are single centre, retrospective cohorts with low rates of subsequent pregnancy and vaginal birth as many women may have elected to have a caesarean section in subsequent pregnancies or were lost to follow up. There was a high rate of reporting bias and heterogeneity, prohibiting formal meta-analyses. Conclusion: Recurrent shoulder dystocia is an unpredictable obstetric complication with potentially devastating consequences. Individual assessment and thorough counselling should be offered to women contemplating a subsequent planned vaginal birth with specific attention paid to those women where the estimated birthweight is >4000 g or greater than in the index pregnancy.Shadha Al-Hawash, Clare L. Whitehead and Dan Farin

Fabrication of Polyaniline/Graphene Oxide Nanosheet@ Tea Waste Granules Adsorbent for Groundwater Purification

The reuse and separation of nanomaterials from an aquatic solution is always challenging and may cause nanotoxicity if not separated completely. Nanomaterial immobilization on the surface of a macro-size material could be an effective approach to developing an efficient composite for groundwater purification. Herein, polyaniline and graphene oxide nanosheet immobilized granular tea waste (PANI/GO@GTW) has been synthesized to remove the anionic and cationic contaminants from groundwater. The synthesized materials were characterized by SEM, XRD, XPS, and FTIR spectroscopies. The optimization of experimental conditions was tested for bromide (Br−) removal from synthetic water. The results revealed that Br− adsorption behavior onto the synthesized materials was as follows: PANI/GO − ions was observed at pH 3 with 90 min of saturation time. Br− adsorption onto PANI/GO@GTW followed the pseudo-first-order kinetic and Langmuir isotherm model, and electrostatic interaction was involved in the adsorption process. The optimum adsorption of Br− onto PANI/GO@GTW was found to be 26.80 m/g. The application of PANI/GO@GTW on real groundwater treatment demonstrated the effective removal of anion pollutants such as F−, Cl−, Br−, NO3−, and PO43−. This study revealed that PANI/GO@GTW successfully reduced Br− concentrations in synthetic and real groundwater and can be used for large-scale applications