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Al-Jubury, A

Bertelsen, MF

Betson, M

Cooper, PJ

Hawash, MBF

Ketzis, J

LeeWillingham, A

Littlewood, T

Nejsum, P

Zhu, X-Q

Parasites & Vectors

English

PubMed

BACKGROUND: Trichuris suis and T. trichiura are two different whipworm species that infect pigs and humans, respectively. T. suis is found in pigs worldwide while T. trichiura is responsible for nearly 460 million infections in people, mainly in areas of poor sanitation in tropical and subtropical areas. The evolutionary relationship and the historical factors responsible for this worldwide distribution are poorly understood. In this study, we aimed to reconstruct the demographic history of Trichuris in humans and pigs, the evolutionary origin of Trichuris in these hosts and factors responsible for parasite dispersal globally.METHODS: Parts of the mitochondrial nad1 and rrnL genes were sequenced followed by population genetic and phylogenetic analyses. Populations of Trichuris examined were recovered from humans (n = 31), pigs (n = 58) and non-human primates (n = 49) in different countries on different continents, namely Denmark, USA, Uganda, Ecuador, China and St. Kitts (Caribbean). Additional sequences available from GenBank were incorporated into the analyses.RESULTS: We found no differentiation between human-derived Trichuris in Uganda and the majority of the Trichuris samples from non-human primates suggesting a common African origin of the parasite, which then was transmitted to Asia and further to South America. On the other hand, there was no differentiation between pig-derived Trichuris from Europe and the New World suggesting dispersal relates to human activities by transporting pigs and their parasites through colonisation and trade. Evidence for recent pig transport from China to Ecuador and from Europe to Uganda was also observed from their parasites. In contrast, there was high genetic differentiation between the pig Trichuris in Denmark and China in concordance with the host genetics.CONCLUSIONS: We found evidence for an African origin of T. trichiura which were then transmitted with human ancestors to Asia and further to South America. A host shift to pigs may have occurred in Asia from where T. suis seems to have been transmitted globally by a combination of natural host dispersal and anthropogenic factors.</p

Hawash, Mohamed Bayoumi Fahmy

Betson, Martha

Al-Jubury, Azmi

Ketzis, Jennifer

LeeWillingham, Arve

Bertelsen, Mads Frost

Cooper, Philip J.

Littlewood, D. Tim. J.

Zhu, Xing-Quan

Nejsum, Peter

Copenhagen University Research Information System

Whipworms in humans and pigs:origins and demography

Mohamed B. F. Hawash

Martha Betson

Azmi Al-Jubury

Jennifer Ketzis

Arve LeeWillingham

Mads F. Bertelsen

Philip J. Cooper

D. Tim J. Littlewood

Xing-Quan Zhu

Peter Nejsum

Crossref

Whipworms in humans and pigs: origins and demography

Springer - Publisher Connector

BACKGROUND: Trichuris suis and T. trichiura are two different whipworm species that infect pigs and humans, respectively. T. suis is found in pigs worldwide while T. trichiura is responsible for nearly 460 million infections in people, mainly in areas of poor sanitation in tropical and subtropical areas. The evolutionary relationship and the historical factors responsible for this worldwide distribution are poorly understood. In this study, we aimed to reconstruct the demographic history of Trichuris in humans and pigs, the evolutionary origin of Trichuris in these hosts and factors responsible for parasite dispersal globally. METHODS: Parts of the mitochondrial nad1 and rrnL genes were sequenced followed by population genetic and phylogenetic analyses. Populations of Trichuris examined were recovered from humans (n = 31), pigs (n = 58) and non-human primates (n = 49) in different countries on different continents, namely Denmark, USA, Uganda, Ecuador, China and St. Kitts (Caribbean). Additional sequences available from GenBank were incorporated into the analyses. RESULTS: We found no differentiation between human-derived Trichuris in Uganda and the majority of the Trichuris samples from non-human primates suggesting a common African origin of the parasite, which then was transmitted to Asia and further to South America. On the other hand, there was no differentiation between pig-derived Trichuris from Europe and the New World suggesting dispersal relates to human activities by transporting pigs and their parasites through colonisation and trade. Evidence for recent pig transport from China to Ecuador and from Europe to Uganda was also observed from their parasites. In contrast, there was high genetic differentiation between the pig Trichuris in Denmark and China in concordance with the host genetics. CONCLUSIONS: We found evidence for an African origin of T. trichiura which were then transmitted with human ancestors to Asia and further to South America. A host shift to pigs may have occurred in Asia from where T. suis seems to have been transmitted globally by a combination of natural host dispersal and anthropogenic factors

Hawash, MB

Littlewood, DT

Zhu, XQ

St George's Online Research Archive

Whipworms in humans and pigs: origins and demography.

Natural History Museum Repository

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Vector Control Division, Ministry of Health,

Hawash, MBF

Betson, M

Al-Jubury, A

Ketzis, J

LeeWillingham, A

Bertelsen, MF

Cooper, PJ

Littlewood, DTJ

Zhu, X-Q

Nejsum, P

University of Surrey

https://curis.ku.dk/portal/files/165135371/Whipworms_in_humans_and_pigs.pdf

Whipworms in humans and pigs: origins and demography

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Springer - Publisher Connector

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