HLA class I and class II associations with ESRD in Saudi Arabian population.

Chronic renal failure (CRF) leads in the majority of instances to end stage renal disease (ESRD) requiring renal replacement therapy. Our interest was to evaluate the possible associations of HLA class I and class II antigens with ESRD independent of other factors, in Saudi Arabia population.A retrospective study to determine the HLA class I and class II polymorphisms and their association with ESRD, was performed on 350 patients with ESRD, and 105 healthy unrelated control. Patients and control groups were typed by SSOP lumenix techniques. The alleles positively associated to the ESRD were: HLA-B*15, B*18, B*49 - DRB1*03, negatively associated alleles were A*26, HLA-B*39, B*50. The haplotypes positively associated with ESRD were: HLA-A*01-DRB1*13 and HLA-A*30-DRBI*03. The negatively associated haplotypes were: HLA-A*02-B*39, A*02-B*50, A*24-B*35, A*24-B*58, A*24-DRB1*16, A*68-DRB1*04, A*02-DQB1*03, A*29-DQB1*02, A*29-DOB1*05 and B*27-DRB1*07 and the last one is the most significant protective haplotypes.The high Relative Risk (RR) observed and its statistical correlation reflect the strength of the described association between HLA antigens and ESRD

Correction: HLA Class I and Class II Associations with ESRD in Saudi Arabian Population.

[This corrects the article DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0111403.]

The frequency and associations of HLA B* alleles in ESRD patients and healthy controls.

<p>N =  number of individuals, ESRD  =  End Stage Renal Disease, control  =  healthy donors, F =  alleles frequency, p =  Fisher's exact p value, RR =  Relative Risk.</p><p>The frequency and associations of HLA B* alleles in ESRD patients and healthy controls.</p

Characteristic of ESRD cases and controls for age and sex.

<p>Characteristic of ESRD cases and controls for age and sex.</p

Main high-frequency HLA B– DRB1 haplotype and their frequencies in ESRD patients and healthy controls (haplotype frequency ≥1.5%).

<p>Main high-frequency HLA B– DRB1 haplotype and their frequencies in ESRD patients and healthy controls (haplotype frequency ≥1.5%).</p

The frequency and associations of HLA DRB1 alleles in ESRD patients and healthy controls.

<p>N =  number of individuals, ESRD  =  End Stage Renal Disease, control  =  healthy donors, F =  alleles frequency, p =  Fisher's exact p value, RR =  Relative Risk.</p><p>The frequency and associations of HLA DRB1 alleles in ESRD patients and healthy controls.</p

Main high-frequency HLA A – DRB1 haplotype and their frequencies in ESRD patients and healthy controls (haplotype frequency ≥1.5%).

<p>Main high-frequency HLA A – DRB1 haplotype and their frequencies in ESRD patients and healthy controls (haplotype frequency ≥1.5%).</p

The frequency and associations of HLA DQB1 alleles in ESRD patients and healthy controls.

<p>N =  number of individuals, ESRD  =  End Stage Renal Disease, control  =  healthy donors, F =  alleles frequency, p =  Fisher's exact p value, RR =  Relative Risk.</p><p>The frequency and associations of HLA DQB1 alleles in ESRD patients and healthy controls.</p

Airborne transmission of SARS-CoV-2 is the dominant route of transmission: Droplets and aerosols

Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS- CoV-2) has become a pandemic worldwide. On a daily basis the number of deaths associated with COVID- 19 is rapidly increasing. The main transmission route of SARS-CoV-2 is through the air (airborne transmission). This review details the airborne transmission of SARS-CoV-2, the aerodynamics, and different modes of transmission (e.g. droplets, droplet nuclei, and aerosol particles). SARS-CoV-2 can be transmitted by an infected person during activities such as expiration, coughing, sneezing, and talking. During such activities and some medical procedures, aerosols and droplets contaminated with SARS-CoV-2 particles are formed. Depending on their sizes and the environmental conditions, such particles stay viable in the air for varying time periods and can cause infection in a susceptible host. Very few studies have been conducted to establish the mechanism or the aerodynamics of virus-loaded particles and droplets in causing infection. In this review we discuss the various forms in which SARS- CoV-2 virus particles can be transmitted in air and cause infections