Can Soft Law Regulate Outer Space Activities?

The debris-generation Chinese ASAT test in 2007 and the growing threat posed by orbital space debris prompted the international community to reexamine the existing international and administrative framework that regulates military and civilian activities in outer space. This framework is founded on two sets of authorities: “hard law” and “soft law”. The hard law space regime consists of legally binding rules, derived from multilateral treaties, such as the Outer Space Treaty, the rescue Agreement, the Liability Convention, the Registration Convention, and the Moon Treaty) and the body of customary international law. But the international community composed of sovereign States could not easily reach new legally binding instruments to govern space activities. That is the reason a variety of non-binding soft law norms have been introduced for these activities. Keywords: Soft law – Hard law – Outer Space – Weaponization – Law of Armed Conflict – UNCOPUOS DOI: 10.7176/JLPG/125-07 Publication date:October 31st 202

NILAI KEARIFAN LOKAL PADA CERPEN “SELASAR” DALAM ANTOLOGI CERPEN GADIS PAKARENA KARYA KHRISNA PABICHARA

Penelitian ini merupakan bentuk apresiasi terhadap cerpen “Selasar” sekaligus upaya untuk mengkaji dan menjawab permasalahan tentang bagaimana nilai kearifan lokal yang ada di dalamnya serta relevansinya dengan penguatan identitas masyarakat Sulawesi Selatan khususnya suku Bugis-Makassar. Data yang digunakan adalah teks cerpen “Selasar” karya Khrisna Pabichara yang bersumber dari antologi cerpen Gadis Pakarena. Pengumpulan data dilakukan dengan teknik pembacaan secara cermat dan pencatatan bagian-bagian yang menunjukkan nilai kearifan lokal. Data dianalisis menggunakan metode deskriptif kualitatif dengan berlandaskan pada teori sosiologi sastra. Hasil analisis menunjukkan bahwa cerpen “Selasar” hadir dalam balutan nilai kearifan lokal yang sangat kental, diantaranya adanya silariang dan siri’

Spectrum utilization using game theory

This thesis was submitted for the degree of Master of Philosophy and awarded by Brunel University.Spectrum utilization is the most recent communications issue which takes great deal of attention from communication researchers where most of the efforts have been dedicated for spectral efficient utilization. Spectrum sharing is one of the solutions considered in the problem of lack of available frequency for new communication services which are unlicensed. In this work we propose an optimal method for spectrum utilization to increase spectral efficiency. It considers the problem of spectrum holes found in Primary User's (PU) band and detected using one of the spectral sensing methods. The solution is formulated with the help of Game theory approach in such a way that the primary user who has unoccupied frequency can share it with a group of secondary users (SU) in a competitive way. One of the SUs will be a secondary primary user (SPU), share available frequency from PU then offer his sharing to serve other SUs in different rate of sharing. Each user in the group of secondary users has a chance to be secondary primary user depending on reputation of each SU. Enhancing reputation is the only way for any SU to assure a share in the spectrum where it considered the factor of increasing or decreasing rate of sharing as well as factor of being SPU or an ordinary SU. A theoretical non-cooperative game model is introduced in a comparison with a proposed non-dynamic technique which depends on number of subscribers who occupy frequency in each time period. Multi-users compete on sharing the frequency from one of the users who offers sharing at a time when he has low number of subscribers that occupy his band. It is found that non-dynamic sharing results in inefficient spectrum utilization which is one of the reasons of spectrum scarcity where this resource is allocated in fixed way. Spectrum sharing using game theory solves this problem by its ability to make users compete to gain highest rate of spectrum allocation according to the real requirement of each user at each time interval. The problem of urgent case is also discussed when the primary user comes back to using his band which is the specific band of sharing with the secondary users group. SPU makes it easy to unload the required band from multi-users because PU does not need to request his band from each SU in the group

MUSLIM CUSTOMER BEHAVIOR IN HALAL FOOD ONLINE PURCHASING

To meet the global population needs, it is projected at least eighty billion dollars in investment per year to support the food security until 2050. Arguably, the agriculture financing growth has stalled due to many reasons, while Islamic finance has the potential to spur the growth of agriculture financing to promote global food security. Meanwhile, agriculture in Indonesia is still nowhere to its potential. It is hindered by an inefficient and underdeveloped downstream segment, low access to financial and technology. This is a huge opportunity for Islamic finance in helping to bridge the gap through value chain financing approach as one of the strategies to reduce risk and provide socio-economic spillover effect along the chain. Islamic finance could promote agricultures sustainability and a more efficient process with FinTech enabled platform. The multiple case studies propose a sharia compliant community-based financing model in agricultural value chain practice with FinTech enabled platform. The result is this model integrating all actors from different market segmentation, including landowners, suppliers, farmers, brokers, retailers, and investors into an Islamic value chain-financing platform. However, determining buying intention, partnership establishment, and technology infrastructure are pivotal for its future implementation

The Long Arm of US Jurisdiction and International Law: Extraterritoriality against Sovereignty

One of the corollaries of sovereignty is the duty of non-intervention in exclusive jurisdiction of other States. But sovereignty can also be the reason why States seek to apply their jurisdictions as far as they can, so some of them have adopted extraterritorial policies in exercising their jurisdictions. In this regard, the US promulgated a series of extraterritorial legislations in respect to competition law and sanctions, which affected non-target States. To counter this long –arm of US jurisdiction, some States took measures of their own to nullify these extraterritorial laws. These measures could be described as jurisdictional countermeasures. Keywords: jurisdiction, international law, countermeasures, sovereignty, extraterritoriality, blocking statutes, claw-back Statutes, jurisdictional immunity, United Nation

Human Rights in the Digital Era: The Right to Privacy at Stake

The respect for fundamental human rights, including the right to privacy, is always invoked in opposition to the monitoring and social control techniques, but how rigorous and holistic analysis of the translation of these rights in a largely globalized and computerized world? Internet and new technologies: what remain of one’s privacy? However, data-intensive technologies are helping to create a digital environment in which individuals, governments and commercial enterprises are increasingly able to keep up, to analyze, predict, and even manipulate people’s behavior to an unprecedented degree. If effective safeguards are not applied, these technological developments entail very significant risks for human dignity, autonomy, and privacy, as well as for the exercise of human rights in general. The right to privacy is one of the fundamental pillars of human rights which finds its legal basis in international texts, inter-alia, the 1948 Universal Declaration of Human Rights, the 1966 International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (ICCPR), and the 1950 European convention of human rights (ECHR). In accordance with the instructions of the relevant resolutions of the United Nations General Assembly and the Human Rights Council, have organized expert consultations and published reports to explore issues that threaten the right to privacy and other human rights in the digital age. The United Nations General Assembly adopted on December 16, 2020, a resolution in which it “reaffirms fundamental of the right to privacy and renews international commitments to ending all abuses and violation of this right worldwide.” Keywords: Human rights – Right to Privacy - Digital technology – ICCPR – ECHR – Cyberspace DOI: 10.7176/JAAS/80-08 Publication date:August 31st 202

A Comparative Study of Hybrid and Internet-Based Educational Technology Course Modules

The purpose of this study was to examine students’ attitudes and performance toward the teaching methods in an educational technology course. Undergraduate students enrolled in the Educational Technology course ETEC 2002L at the University of Arkansas had been exposed to both on-line modules and in-class instruction. The sample size for this study was 155. The results included 110 valid surveys completed by the students on paper. The data collected from the survey were analyzed using percentages, means, and t test of paired samples to find if there was a significant difference in students’ attitudes toward on-line versus hybrid instruction. Four two-way ANOVAs were performed to test whether there was a significant difference between students’ attitude toward the on-line vs. hybrid teaching methods. The independent variables in this study were students’ age, gender, computer experience, and prior experience with on-line courses. An independent sample t test was completed to investigate if there was a significant relationship between the students’ performance and the teaching method. A Pearson Correlation Coefficient test was made to test whether there was a significant relationship between students’ performance and their attitude toward on-line versus hybrid instruction. Findings indicated that students agreed that participating in the on-line as well as the in-class lectures positively impacted their attitude toward the instructional technology. However, the results indicated that there was no difference in the students’ attitudes toward either hybrid or on-line teaching methods. The ANOVA results showed that age, gender, computer experience, and prior experience with on-line courses were not significant factors in defining an attitude toward either hybrid or on-line method. When comparing students’ performance, the only difference between the two teaching methods was found in one assignment out o f the four assignments that students submitted. When looking for a relationship between students’ performance and their attitude toward any of the teaching methods, results showed that there was a significant correlation between the students’ performance and their attitude in the on-line method in one out of the four lessons given to the students. In general, this study outlines the importance of studying the various factors that affect students’ attitude and their performance in educational technology courses. Recommendations to enhance the students’ performance and perception toward educational technology courses were given after the conclusions are presented

Indonesia Dijajah Lebih dari 300 Tahun? Memahami Penjajahan Sebagai Proses Transformasi Struktural

Despite its public popularity, the claim that Indonesia was colonized by the Dutch for more than 300 years is now considered by historians as a historical myth, established as an instrument for nation-building. This article argues that rather than simply judging the claim as myth, we must understand it more comprehensively by employing the framework of International Political Economy, especially the approach which put the entanglements of Capitalism and Colonialism at the center of its analysis. By understanding Colonialism-Imperialism as a process (or a set of processes) of structural transformation, this article contends that the claim that Indonesia had been colonized by the Dutch for more than 300 years has its own merit and must be further explored

Aktivitas Penghambatan Isolat Bakteri dan Rizosfer dari Empat Jenis Bambu Toraja Terhadap Jamur Penyebab Busuk Tanaman

Sulawesi Selatan memiliki keragaman jenis Bambu yang tinggi, diantaranya tersebar di beberapa wilayahKabupaten Tana Toraja.Salah satu konservasi tanaman Bambu asli Tana Toraja terdapat di Stasiun UjicobaMengkendek.Bambu bagi masyarakat Toraja bukan hanya sekedar sebagai tanaman pemenuh kebutuhandasar saja, tetapi keberadaannya menjadi tolak ukur kelayakan suatu acara upacara adat. Potensi Bambusebagai tanaman obat juga telah banyak dilaporkan dalam beberapa penelitian yang telah dipulikasikan.Penelitian lain menyebutkan bahwa bakteri endofit yang terdapat dalam jaringan Bambu memilikikemampuan menghasilkan senyawa antifungal yang berpotensi dikembangkan sebagai agens hayati. Bakteririzosfer di sekitar daerah perakaran Bambu juga dilaporkan dapat dikembangkan sebagai pupuk hayatipemacu pertumbuhan tanaman. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk memperoleh isolat bakteri endofit yangterdapat pada bagian akar, rebung dan daerah tanah sekitar perakaran tanaman bambu, serta kemampuannya dalam menghambat pertumbuhan jamur uji Fusarium sp, Culvularia sp dan Rhizoctonia solani. Jamur Fusarium sp dihambat oleh dua isolat, yaitu isolat bakteri endofit asal akar bambu talang (A.Tl2) sebesar 6%, dan isolat bakteri endofit akar bambu ‘blitz’ (A.Bz1) sebesar 25%. Jamur Rhizoctonia solani dihambat mencapai 63% oleh isolat bakteri endofit akar bambu talang (A.Tl2), dan 60% oleh isolat bakteri rizosferbambu ‘blitz’. Pada Culvularia sp dihambat oleh tiga isolat berbeda, yaitu isolat bakteri endofit asal akar bambu hitam sebesar (A.Hi) 52%, isolat bakteri rizosfer bambu hitam (Ri.Hi) 30%, dan isolat bakteri endofit asal rebung bambu batik (Re.Bt2) 25%.Kata kunci : Bambu, Bakteri Endofit, Bakteri Rizosfer, Jamu