The Effect of Religious Monuments in the Plan of the ArabianIslamic city Samarra City – Case Study

Religious monument is considered as one of the most distinguished elements which form one of the components of architectural structure, religious monument’s importance stands out from the religious affiliationof the city’s people (Spiritual affiliation). Also considered one of the distinguished architectural elements and recognized architectural identity, which have drawn the mental image for the formation of religious cities in people’s memory. The research depends on studying the plans of the religious cities specifically the Arabian Islamic cities; for its religious importance and the clearness of the religious factor’s impact in its creation and planning, and from reviewing the previous studies those dealt with analyzing the Arabian Islamic city the research problem had been determined in “There is a knowledge gap about the role of religious monuments in planning of the Arabic Islamic cities”,the research hypothesis have been formulated as The religious monument has a regulatory role in planning the Arabian Islamic city, in its impact on axial connection on both local stage and global level. The research has defined the religious monuments as landmarks or architectural elements of the city’s plan which differentiate in attendant appearance in people’s memory, which is generally showing in worship places, from all that the research’s target has been determined as: Clarifying religious monuments' role in Planning of Arab Islamic cities according to the impact that it have played as a regulatory element for the urban fabric. Samarra have been chosen for the required practical study, considering it’s one of the most important Arab Islamic cities, for what it has of religious monuments, which perform as regulatory power for the local and global connection, research confirms from experience research’s letter using (GIS: ArcView 3.3) computer software for the chosen urban formation that: the impact of the religious factor reflects on the components of the urban fabric of the Arabian Islamic city from both of the form and the space in its planning and regulation, which shows on the group of planning elements for the city, also the religious monuments have an effect on the orientation of spatial connection, and creating public areas in the city, and preparingcomplete spaces which have a high permeability around its locations, As well asits effect on the most complete distribution type in other parts of the syste

Measurement of magnetic cavitation driven by heat flow in a plasma

We describe the direct measurement of the expulsion of a magnetic field from a plasma driven by heat flow. Using a laser to heat a column of gas within an applied magnetic field, we isolate Nernst advection and show how it changes the field over a nanosecond timescale. Reconstruction of the magnetic field map from proton radiographs demonstrates that the field is advected by heat flow in advance of the plasma expansion. This changes the dynamics of high energy density plasmas, in which heat flows and fields are strongly coupled, and may disrupt magnetised inertial confinement fusion schemes

Electron impact source, development and applications

Many modern x-ray instruments are based at synchrotrons, with corresponding limited accessibility and high costs. This has driven the development of imaging/microscopes using table-top x-ray sources. This thesis presents experimental measurements for both electron impact sources and laser plasma source, also it details the developments for the third generation microfocus x-ray source MKIII and associated optical systems for various applications. For non-pulsed radiation, the commissioning and set up of the new third generation microfocus x-ray source MK III is in progress. The Microfocus x-ray source MKI had been characterised and used for imaging biological samples. Absorption and phase contrast images were obtained for biological samples. In addition, for the first time, the MKI device was used to perform experiments to study the phase contrast x-ray image sensing techniques (PCXI), using a sand paper analyser. Images were successfully recorded and analysed using laboratory electron impact x-ray source (MKI) and laser plasma source (Astra Gemini laser at RAL). The PCXI technique can be developed with the new MKIII x-ray source by using two crystals, one a monochromatic and second as a reflection analyser. Additionally, the MKI and MKIII sources can be coupled with a silica mirror or multilayer monochromator and zone plates to provide high spatial resolution images (hundreds of nanometers beam spot sizes) allowing use for various applications. New interchangeable targets (chromium, titanium, and copper) were designed for MKIII and these can provide a range of different x-ray energies, and may allow a considerably smaller x-ray focal spot size ≈ 1 µm, increasing the range of applicability of the source. Furthermore, having different melting points for target materials, a compensation between electron beam size and energy should be taken to avoid exceeding the target melting point. The heat generated at the surface of different targets was calculated and the survival of the present targets (aluminium and carbon) verified. In this MKI regime, an electron beam of 10 keV is focused to a few tens of micrometres diameters on the solid target and x-rays are emitted. The emission spectrum was characterised using mica and KAP crystal spectrometers. The K-edge intensity lines were recorded and analysed for both aluminium and carbon targets using imaging plate and an x-ray CCD camera. Experimental optimisation of the electron gun electrode operating modes was achieved and verified against the literature. The maximum current measured was 250-300 µA. The x-ray spot size was measured and the minimum spot size recorded was 26.1 × 47.9 µm2. Smaller spot sizes are possible but with a low electron beam current. The design of a focusing magnetic lens suitable for use in the new third generation MKIII x-ray microfocus device was undertaken. The focusing lens was designed and manufactured at Imperial College London. A professional software package was used to design the lens through computational modelling. The experimental maximum magnetic field B measured for the focusing lens was 0.512 T at the lens aperture. The aim is to achieve 1 µm electron beam diameter focused at the target surface, although by this computational model, a satisfactory diameter had been achieved ~20-50 µm, but a smaller electron beam could be achieved. The validity of the solutions generated by computational model needs to be precisely experimentally examined in order to achieve the required beam diameter and suitable beam current incident on the target.Open Acces

Measurement of magnetic cavitation driven by heat flow in a plasma

We describe the direct measurement of the expulsion of a magnetic field from a plasma driven by heat flow. Using a laser to heat a column of gas within an applied magnetic field, we isolate Nernst advection and show how it changes the field over a nanosecond timescale. Reconstruction of the magnetic field map from proton radiographs demonstrates that the field is advected by heat flow in advance of the plasma expansion. This changes the dynamics of high energy density plasmas, in which heat flows and fields are strongly coupled, and may disrupt magnetised inertial confinement fusion schemes.Comment: 5 pages, 4 figure

Reperfusion therapies and in-hospital outcomes for ST-elevation myocardial infarction in Europe: The ACVC-EAPCI EORP STEMI Registry of the European Society of Cardiology

Aims: The aim of this study was to determine the contemporary use of reperfusion therapy in the European Society of Cardiology (ESC) member and affiliated countries and adherence to ESC clinical practice guidelines in patients with ST-elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI). Methods and results: Prospective cohort (EURObservational Research Programme STEMI Registry) of hospitalized STEMI patients with symptom onset <24 h in 196 centres across 29 countries. A total of 11 462 patients were enrolled, for whom primary percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) (total cohort frequency: 72.2%, country frequency range 0-100%), fibrinolysis (18.8%; 0-100%), and no reperfusion therapy (9.0%; 0-75%) were performed. Corresponding in-hospital mortality rates from any cause were 3.1%, 4.4%, and 14.1% and overall mortality was 4.4% (country range 2.5-5.9%). Achievement of quality indicators for reperfusion was reported for 92.7% (region range 84.8-97.5%) for the performance of reperfusion therapy of all patients with STEMI <12 h and 54.4% (region range 37.1-70.1%) for timely reperfusion. Conclusions: The use of reperfusion therapy for STEMI in the ESC member and affiliated countries was high. Primary PCI was the most frequently used treatment and associated total in-hospital mortality was below 5%. However, there was geographic variation in the use of primary PCI, which was associated with differences in in-hospital mortality

The ESC ACCA EAPCI EORP acute coronary syndrome ST-elevation myocardial infarction registry

Aims: The Acute Cardiac Care Association (ACCA)-European Association of Percutaneous Coronary Intervention (EAPCI) Registry on ST-elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) of the EurObservational programme (EORP) of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC) registry aimed to determine the current state of the use of reperfusion therapy in ESC member and ESC affiliated countries and the adherence to ESC STEMI guidelines in patients with STEMI. Methods and results: Between 1 January 2015 and 31 March 2018, a total of 11 462 patients admitted with an initial diagnosis of STEMI according to the 2012 ESC STEMI guidelines were enrolled. Individual patient data were collected across 196 centres and 29 countries. Among the centres, there were 136 percutaneous coronary intervention centres and 91 with cardiac surgery on-site. The majority of centres (129/196) were part of a STEMI network. The main objective of this study was to describe the demographic, clinical, and angiographic characteristics of patients with STEMI. Other objectives include to assess management patterns and in particular the current use of reperfusion therapies and to evaluate how recommendations of most recent STEMI European guidelines regarding reperfusion therapies and adjunctive pharmacological and non-pharmacological treatments are adopted in clinical practice and how their application can impact on patients' outcomes. Patients will be followed for 1 year after admission. Conclusion: The ESC ACCA-EAPCI EORP ACS STEMI registry is an international registry of care and outcomes of patients hospitalized with STEMI. It will provide insights into the contemporary patient profile, management patterns, and 1-year outcome of patients with STEMI