An Efficient technique for data hiding in audio signals

Data hiding, a form of steganography, is one of the emerging techniques that embeds secret data into a digital media and thus ensures secured data transfer. In this paper, the steganographic method used, is based on audio steganography which is concerned with embedding secret data in an audio file. The basic idea of our proposed method is that the host signal (the sound wave cover media) undergoes preprocessing, and then the results takes the shape of an image in which the data can be securely hidden in the image layers. The secret data is then hidden in a preprocessed sound wave using a traditional steganographic technique. The proposed method offers high quality of steganography process in terms of Peak Signal–to-Noise Ratio (PSNR). Only minor changes in the contents of the audio file occur, which are indiscernible to human ears. In addition, several attacks on the sound wave were performed; the results showed that the hidden secret data can be retrieved with minimal distortion

A Semantic Representation of Online Teaching Business Process Architecture

A Business process architecture (BPA) is one of the significant assets in educational systems as it helps to understand and optimize educational processes by focusing on the key processes rather than the organizational specific details. The semantic, Riva-based business process architecture (srBPA) ontology is an abstract ontology that semantically conceptualizes the business process architecture’s components and the relationships between them. This ontology can be instantiated for a specific domain to provide a general semantic-based BPA for organizations working in that domain. This paper instantiates the srBPA ontology for online teaching to provide a general semantic architecture for online teaching process that can be used as a reference by educational systems. This ontology was evaluated for completeness by referring to the national quality standards for online teaching and online courses. The evaluation has revealed that all quality standards were covered in the instantiated ontology through the classes, individuals, attributes and semantic rules that were defined