BIOFILM FORMATION AND ANTIFUNGAL SUSCEPTIBILITY OF CANDIDA ISOLATES FROM ORAL CAVITY AFTER THE INTRODUCTION OF FIXED ORTHODONTIC APPLIANCES

Background and aims: Fixed Orthodontic Appliances (FOA) act as diverse impact zones and modify microbial adherence and colonization, acting as unfamiliar reserves and potential sources of infection  This study was conducted to inspect the effect of the introduction of fixed orthodontic appliances on the growth and adherence (biofilm formation) of Candida species. And also to reveal the species distribution and antifungal sensitivity to isolated Candida species.  Material and methods: The trial group was chosen   from orthodontic patients whom were inspected clinically as soon as to get baseline information prior to active treatment. The group included 210 patients; 165 females, and 45 males, (mean age 21.6 ± 4.5 years). Clinical, demographic, and risk factor data were collected in a standard questionnaire and then each individual was directed to perform an oral rinse with phosphate-buffered saline, which was expectorated and processed proposed for the isolation and identification of Candida species by standard methods. After that, the isolated Candida species were tested for biofilm production by the phenotypic method i.e. Tissue culture palate methods (TCPM). Finally, antibiogram susceptibility pattern of oral Candida species was done by Kirby-Bauer disc diffusion method for amphotericin B, ketoconazole, and fluconazole. Results: The most common yeast colonized oral cavity after the introduction of FOA was C. albicans (72.5%), followed by C. glabrata and C. tropicalis  (12.5%), while Candida parapsilosis  only was 2.5%. The rate of formation of biofilms was 52.5% for all types of Candida, and it was found that biofilm formation occurs more frequently among C. tropicals  and C. glabrata (60%) than C. albicans (48.3%). All Candida species isolates were sensitive to amphotericin B and ketoconazole while resistance to fluconazole was found in 40% of C. tropicalis and 20% in C. glabrata  and 13.8% in C. albicans.  Conclusion: The present study proved that C. albicans is still the major isolate from the oral cavity after the introduction of FOA, but non-albicans species colonization is raised and FOA might be a factor for biofilm formation. The C. tropicalis and C. glabrata were more– biofilm-producers compared to C. albicans. The isolated species in the current study are less susceptible to fluconazole and drug resistant factor in the Candida species isolates was found to be associated with  biofilm formation.                       Peer Review History: Received 24 July 2020; Revised 13 August; Accepted 4 September, Available online 15 September 2020 Academic Editor: Essam Mohamed Eissa, Beni-Suef University, Egypt, [email protected] UJPR follows the most transparent and toughest ‘Advanced OPEN peer review’ system. The identity of the authors and, reviewers will be known to each other. This transparent process will help to eradicate any possible malicious/purposeful interference by any person (publishing staff, reviewer, editor, author, etc) during peer review. As a result of this unique system, all reviewers will get their due recognition and respect, once their names are published in the papers. We expect that, by publishing peer review reports with published papers, will be helpful to many authors for drafting their article according to the specifications. Auhors will remove any error of their article and they will improve their article(s) according to the previous reports displayed with published article(s). The main purpose of it is ‘to improve the quality of a candidate manuscript’. Our reviewers check the ‘strength and weakness of a manuscript honestly’. There will increase in the perfection, and transparency. Received file:                Reviewer's Comments: Average Peer review marks at initial stage: 6.5/10 Average Peer review marks at publication stage: 8.0/10 Reviewer(s) detail: Dr. Wadhah Hassan Edrees, Hajjah University, Yemen, [email protected] Dr. Muhammad Zahid Iqbal, AIMST University, Kedah Darul Aman, Malaysia, [email protected] Similar Articles: ORAL CANDIDA ALBICANS COLONIZATION RATE IN FIXED ORTHODONTICS PATIENTS ORAL C. ALBICANS COLONIZATION AND NON-CANDIDA ALBICANS CANDIDA COLONIZATION AMONG UNIVERSITY STUDENTS, YEMEN PREVALENCE AND ASSOCIATED FACTORS OF ORAL NON-CANDIDA ALBICANS CANDIDA CARRIAGE IN DENTURE WEARERS IN SANA'A CITY- YEME

RADIOGRAPHIC ASSESSMENT OF THE COURSE AND VISIBILITY OF THE MANDIBULAR CANAL BY PANORAMIC RADIOGRAPHY

Background and Objectives:  The mandibular canal is a canal inside the mandible that contains the inferior alveolar artery, the inferior alveolar nerve and the inferior alveolar vein. The anatomy and variations of the human mandible are very important for planning various surgical measures such as extraction of the third molar, dental implants and mandibular reconstruction. This study was conducted to determine the frequency of the different courses of the mandibular canal  and to investigate the visibility of the mandibular canal by panoramic radiography, among a sample of Yemeni adults. Subjects and Methods: A retrospective cross-sectional study was conducted in Sana'a city on a sample of Yemeni adults. The study consisted of panoramic radiographs of 928 patients; the number of males was 340 (36.6%) and 588 females (63.4%). The mandibular canal course, as shown in the panoramic radiographs, was classified into four types: elliptical, linear, turning curves and spoon-shaped. The visibility of this canal from the first to the third molar region was assessed through visual determination of whether the lower canal was clearly visible, possibly visible, or invisible. Results:   Elliptical curves were the most observed along the mandibular canal course at 62.2% of the total, followed by the linear curve (24.8%) while the lower rate curve spoon (7.9%) and the turning curve (5.2%). There were no statistically considerable differences between the distribution of the mandibular canal courses between males and females except in the spoon curve where the ratio was 10.8% in males versus 6.1% in females (p <0.05). The percentage of clearly visible mandibular canals was the highest among the spoon-shaped curves (49.9% in the first molar, 63% in the second, 78.1% in the third molar) and the lowest among the linear curves (10.9% in the first, 18.7% in the second and 33.5% in the third molar). On panoramic radiographs, the invisible mandibular canals are found in 198 (21.3%) of the examined sites in the first molar region, in 85 (11%) in the second molar region, and in only 6 (0.64%) in the third molar region. Conclusion:  It was observed that elliptical curves along the path of the mandibular canal were the most present, while a decrease in the ratio of the two types of spoon curve and turning curve was observed. It was found that spoon curve was significantly more common among males than females. It was also found that the visibility of  madibular canal is fewer in the first molar region than in the third molar region.                Peer Review History: Received: 21 September 2020; Revised: 8 October; Accepted: 29 October, Available online: 15 November 2020 Academic Editor: Dr. Sally A. El-Zahaby, Pharos University in Alexandria, Egypt, [email protected] UJPR follows the most transparent and toughest ‘Advanced OPEN peer review’ system. The identity of the authors and, reviewers will be known to each other. This transparent process will help to eradicate any possible malicious/purposeful interference by any person (publishing staff, reviewer, editor, author, etc) during peer review. As a result of this unique system, all reviewers will get their due recognition and respect, once their names are published in the papers. We expect that, by publishing peer review reports with published papers, will be helpful to many authors for drafting their article according to the specifications. Auhors will remove any error of their article and they will improve their article(s) according to the previous reports displayed with published article(s). The main purpose of it is ‘to improve the quality of a candidate manuscript’. Our reviewers check the ‘strength and weakness of a manuscript honestly’. There will increase in the perfection, and transparency. Received file:                Reviewer's Comments: Average Peer review marks at initial stage: 6.5/10 Average Peer review marks at publication stage: 8.0/10 Reviewer(s) detail: Dr. Sunita Singh, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA, [email protected] Dr. Ali Abdullah A. Al-Mehdar, Thamar University, Yemen,  [email protected] Similar Articles: BIOFILM FORMATION AND ANTIBIOTIC SUSCEPTIBILITY OF UROPATHOGENS IN PATIENTS WITH CATHETER ASSOCIATED URINARY TRACT INFECTIONS IN IBB CITY -YEME

PREVALENCE AND CAUSES OF TRAUMATIC DENTAL INJURIES TO ANTERIOR TEETH AMONG PRIMARY SCHOOL CHILDREN IN SANA'A CITY, YEMEN

Objectives: The current study was conducted to reveal the prevalence and causes of traumatic dental injuries to permanent anterior teeth among mixed dentition of schoolchildren in Sana'a City, Yemen. Methods: A cross-sectional study was performed on 1252 schoolchildren aged 7-12 years in three districts of Sana'a city, Yemen. They numbered 700 males and 552 females from 26 randomly selected public and private schools. Clinical examination of permanent anterior teeth was done according to the classification of Ellis modified by Fried. Results: Prevalence of TDI was 10.30%, with a male ratio of 4.8: female 1, (P <0.05). Most of the children suffered only one damage to the tooth and most of them are in the maxillary central incisors. The TDI increased with older age (10-12 years old) (16.5%) with odds ratio 4.8, (p<0.05). Regarding the site of trauma, most injuries happened in males on the street (44.9%) while in females happened at home (31.81%) and falls were the main cause of TDI. In both sexes, the most common type of injury was class I (enamel fracture) followed by class II (enamel and dentine without pulp involvement). Conclusion: In conclusion, the prevalence of TDI in permanent anterior teeth among mixed dentition of school children in Sana’a was high, higher in males than in females, with a peak age of 10 to 12 years, falls was the common cause, and occurred mostly on the street for boys and home for females. Accordingly, educational programs should be developed that focus on ways to prevent dental trauma and the benefits of seeking urgent treatment to maintain avulsed and fractured teeth.                                 Peer Review History: Received 13 May 2020; Revised 15 June; Accepted 1 July, Available online 15 July 2020 Academic Editor: Dr. Asia Selman Abdullah, Al-Razi university, Department of Pharmacy, Yemen, [email protected] UJPR follows the most transparent and toughest ‘Advanced OPEN peer review’ system. The identity of the authors and, reviewers will be known to each other. This transparent process will help to eradicate any possible malicious/purposeful interference by any person (publishing staff, reviewer, editor, author, etc) during peer review. As a result of this unique system, all reviewers will get their due recognition and respect, once their names are published in the papers. We expect that, by publishing peer review reports with published papers, will be helpful to many authors for drafting their article according to the specifications. Auhors will remove any error of their article and they will improve their article(s) according to the previous reports displayed with published article(s). The main purpose of it is ‘to improve the quality of a candidate manuscript’. Our reviewers check the ‘strength and weakness of a manuscript honestly’. There will increase in the perfection, and transparency. Received file:                Reviewer's Comments:  Average Peer review marks at initial stage: 6.0/10 Average Peer review marks at publication stage: 8.0/10 Reviewer(s) detail: Dr. Alfonso Alexander Aguileral, University of Veracruz,  Mexico, [email protected] Dr. Mohamed Awad Mousnad, Faculty of Pharmacy, International University of Africa (IUA), Khartoum, Sudan, [email protected]  Similar Articles: SERO-PREVALENCE OF HEPATITIS C VIRUS AMONG DENTAL CLINIC WORKERS IN SANA’A CITY- YEMEN AND THE RISK FACTORS CONTRIBUTING FOR ITS INFECTIO

PREVALENCE OF PREMATURE LOSS OF PRIMARY TEETH AT THE AGE OF 6-10 YEARS IN SANA'A CITY, YEMEN

Background and Objectives: Primary teeth and the integrity of the primary teeth are very important for the normal growth and progress of the occlusal relationships and the dentofacial structures. Premature loss of the primary teeth may lead to the loss of the arch length needed for the eruption of permanent teeth and thus lead to rotation, crowding, and impaction of permanent teeth. This study aimed to determine the prevalence of premature loss of primary teeth among children aged 6-10 years in Sana'a city, Yemen. Materials and methods: This observational cross-sectional study included 1091 children, aged 6-10 years. An experienced examiner the first author carried out all clinical examinations under natural light. Data were collected including age and missing teeth. Results: The results showed that 26% of the sample suffered premature loss of primary teeth with no significant difference between the sexes (P> 0.05). There was low  in prevalence of premature loss of primary teeth in 10 years (17.7%), while the rate raised to 29.7%, 31.6%, and 31.7% in 6,7 and 9 years respectively. When considering the number of teeth, the prevalence of one premature loss was 10.8%, followed by two premature losses (9.8%), while the loss rate of 3 or more was5.4%. Considering dental arch 61.8% of loss was Mandible loss, while the loss in Maxilla was 38.1% only. The most common missing tooth is the first lower right primary molar (17%). Conclusion: The prevalence of premature loss in our study is similar to that of developing countries, the rate was low at 10 years for children, while the rate increased at 6,7 and 9 years; most of the loss was in the lower jaw and the most common missing tooth was the right lower primary molar. This result determines the importance of increasing awareness of this problem and focusing on the need for more preventive efforts to maintain healthy and natural teeth that improve the chewing function and aesthetic appearance of children and the entire population.                         Peer Review History: Received 25 July 2020; Revised 15 August; Accepted 26 August, Available online 15 September 2020 Academic Editor: Dr. DANIYAN Oluwatoyin Michael, Obafemi Awolowo University, ILE-IFE, Nigeria, [email protected] UJPR follows the most transparent and toughest ‘Advanced OPEN peer review’ system. The identity of the authors and, reviewers will be known to each other. This transparent process will help to eradicate any possible malicious/purposeful interference by any person (publishing staff, reviewer, editor, author, etc) during peer review. As a result of this unique system, all reviewers will get their due recognition and respect, once their names are published in the papers. We expect that, by publishing peer review reports with published papers, will be helpful to many authors for drafting their article according to the specifications. Auhors will remove any error of their article and they will improve their article(s) according to the previous reports displayed with published article(s). The main purpose of it is ‘to improve the quality of a candidate manuscript’. Our reviewers check the ‘strength and weakness of a manuscript honestly’. There will increase in the perfection, and transparency. Received file:                Reviewer's Comments: Average Peer review marks at initial stage: 6.5/10 Average Peer review marks at publication stage: 7.5/10 Reviewer(s) detail: Dr. Mohamed Amin El-Emam, Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Faculty of Pharmacy and Drug Manufacturing, Pharos University in Alexandria (PUA), Alexandria, Egypt, [email protected] Dr. Mohammad Tauseef, College of Pharmacy, Chicago State University, [email protected] Similar Articles:  CAUSES FOR EXTRACTION OF PERMANENT TEETH IN GENERAL DENTAL PRACTICES IN YEMEN PREVALENCE AND CAUSES OF TRAUMATIC DENTAL INJURIES TO ANTERIOR TEETH AMONG PRIMARY SCHOOL CHILDREN IN SANA'A CITY, YEMEN PREVALENCE OF MALOCCLUSION AMONG YEMENI CHILDREN OF PRIMARY SCHOOLS RISK FACTORS OF PERIODONTAL DISEASES AMONG YEMENI YOUNG DENTAL PATIENT

PREVALENCE OF STAPHYLOCOCCUS AUREUS IN DENTAL INFECTIONS AND THE OCCURRENCE OF MRSA IN ISOLATES

Objectives:  Staphylococcus aureus is an opportunist that causes systemic infections and dental infections in the human being body. This organism increases its resistance to many categories of antibiotics all day and turn out to be more resistant, and this led to a growing feeling of concern in this era. Given this fact, the aims of this study were to determine the frequency of S. aureus in oral infections and to determine the prevalence of MRSA strains and the sensitivity of isolated S. aureus to antibiotics, in patients who attended dental clinics in major public hospitals and private clinics in the city of Sana'a-Yemen. Subjects and methods:  The study was conducted for a year, early in December 2018 and ending in November 2019. The study included 296 patients, 153 male and 143 female, ages 5 to 65, with an average age of 36.2 years. Demographic and clinical data were collected in questionnaire, then pus or oral swabs were collected from patients, cultivated, isolated and identified by standard laboratory techniques. MRSA was ascertained by means of the method of disc diffusion to 1µg of oxicillin disc and 5 µg of methacillin disc; an antimicrobial sensitivity test was carried out by disc diffusion method of selected antibiotics.The oral  infections include  dental abscesses,  periodontal abscesses, gingivitis, periodentitis, dental caries,  pulpitis and oral thrush. Results:  Of a total of 296 cultured pus and swabs, only 217 produced a positive culture (73.3%). Gram-positive bacteria formed 67.4% of the total isolates where S. aureus was the predominant pathogen (43.1%).  The prevalence of MRSA was 23.5%. There was a higher rate of antibiotic resistance tested in MRSA isolates compared to a lower rate of resistance in MSSA as well as 22.2% of MRSA isolates were vancomycin resistant, while only 11.4% of MSSA were vancomycin resistant. Conclusion:  It can be concluded, S. aureus was the most widespread isolate in dental infections, high rate of  MRSA,  the appearance of S. aureus isolates resistant to vancomycin and other broad choice of antibiotics have raised MRSA in oral infections into a multi-drug-resistant, making it more and more hazardous in oral infections. Consistent assessment of oral associated infections and observing the pattern of antibiotic sensitivity and strict drug policy for antibiotics are recommended.                        Peer Review History: Received 16 April 2020; Revised 2 May; Accepted 12 May, Available online 15 May 2020 Academic Editor:Ahmad Najib, Universitas Muslim Indonesia, Makassar, Indonesia, [email protected] UJPR follows the most transparent and toughest ‘Advanced OPEN peer review’ system. The identity of the authors and, reviewers will be known to each other. This transparent process will help to eradicate any possible malicious/purposeful interference by any person (publishing staff, reviewer, editor, author, etc) during peer review. As a result of this unique system, all reviewers will get their due recognition and respect, once their names are published in the papers. We expect that, by publishing peer review reports with published papers, will be helpful to many authors for drafting their article according to the specifications. Auhors will remove any error of their article and they will improve their article(s) according to the previous reports displayed with published article(s). The main purpose of it is ‘to improve the quality of a candidate manuscript’. Our reviewers check the ‘strength and weakness of a manuscript honestly’. There will increase in the perfection, and transparency. Received file:                Reviewer's Comments: Average Peer review marks at initial stage: 5.5/10 Average Peer review marks at publication stage: 8.0/10 Reviewer(s) detail: Dr. Mohamed Awad Mousnad, Faculty of Pharmacy, International University of Africa (IUA), Khartoum, Sudan, [email protected] Dr. George Zhu, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran, [email protected] Similar Articles: PREVALENCE OF METHICILLIN RESISTANT STAPHYLOCOCCUS AUREUS (MRSA) AND ANTIMICROBIAL SUSCEPTIBILITY PATTERNS AT A PRIVATE HOSPITAL IN SANA'A, YEMEN PREVALENCE, ANTIMICROBIAL SUSCEPTIBILITY PATTERN AND RISK FACTORS OF MRSA ISOLATED FROM CLINICAL SPECIMENS AMONG MILITARY PATIENTS AT 48 MEDICAL COMPOUND IN SANA'A CITY-YEME

KNOWLEDGE AND PERCEPTION OF MOLAR INCISOR HYPOMINERALIZATION AMONG DENTAL PRACTITIONERS IN SANA’A CITY- YEMEN

Background: Molar incisor hypomineralization (MIH) has been recognized as a global dental disorder and concern about this pathology is growing among clinicians around the world. Objectives: This study aimed to investigate the knowledge and perception of Yemeni dental practitioners in the city of Sana'a in relation to diagnosis, etiological factors and management of MIH. Materials and Methods: A questionnaire modified from similar previous studies was distributed to 311 Yemeni dentists providing oral health care in Sana'a city. The survey consists of two parts, the first is the demographic-occupational variables that was collected for the participants and the second part included questions related to perception of the diagnosis, possible etiological factors, severity of the condition and management, and the participants ’willingness for advance training in relation to MIH. Results: The overall response rate is (90%). The majority of respondents came across MIH in their practices (GDPs= 83.2%, SDPs= 90%).Yellow / brown demarcation is feasible as a common clinical symptom. The composite resin was the most used restorative material. The genetic factor was the most specific etiological factor. Most GDPs were significantly uncertain in the diagnosis of MIH compared to SDPs (P = 0.003). Most of the respondents (72.5%) had a low level of knowledge regarding MIH. Participants support the need to assess MIH occurrence and conduct clinical training. Conclusion: Molar incisor hypomineralization (MIH) is a common dental problem faced by dental practitioners in Sana'a City who have required clinical training regarding diagnosis, etiological factors and MIH management.                                Peer Review History: Received: 8 September 2020; Revised: 7 October; Accepted: 20 October, Available online: 15 November 2020 Academic Editor: Dr. Sally A. El-Zahaby, Pharos University in Alexandria, Egypt, [email protected] Received file:                Reviewer's Comments: Average Peer review marks at initial stage: 6.5/10 Average Peer review marks at publication stage: 8.0/10 Reviewer(s) detail: Dr. Mohamed Awad AbdAlaziz Mousnad, International University of Africa (IUA) and Sudan, [email protected] Antonio José de Jesus Evangelista, Federal University of Ceará, UFC, Brazil,  [email protected] Similar Articles: PREVALENCE OF STAPHYLOCOCCUS AUREUS IN DENTAL INFECTIONS AND THE OCCURRENCE OF MRSA IN ISOLATES CAUSES FOR EXTRACTION OF PERMANENT TEETH IN GENERAL DENTAL PRACTICES IN YEMEN SERO-PREVALENCE OF HEPATITIS C VIRUS AMONG DENTAL CLINIC WORKERS IN SANA’A CITY- YEMEN AND THE RISK FACTORS CONTRIBUTING FOR ITS INFECTION PREVALENCE AND CAUSES OF TRAUMATIC DENTAL INJURIES TO ANTERIOR TEETH AMONG PRIMARY SCHOOL CHILDREN IN SANA'A CITY, YEMEN ETIOLOGY AND RISK FACTORS OF STOMATITIS AMONG YEMENI DENTURE WEARER

ASSOCIATION BETWEEN THE STREPTOCOCCUS MUTANS BIOFILM FORMATION AND DENTAL CARIES EXPERIENCE AND ANTIBIOTICS RESISTANCE IN ADULT FEMALES

Objectives: The aim of this study was to consider the potential association between the formation of salivary streptococcus biofilms and the incidence of caries, as well as with the occurrence of antibiotic resistance among adult mothers in Sana'a, Yemen.  Study design: A total of 261; 25-35 year old females were chosen. Clinical examination of females were performed to estimate dental caries experience with the Silness-Loe index, as well as stimulated saliva were collected to assess biofilm production by the phenotypic method i.e. Tissue culture palate methods (TCPM). Finally, antibiogram susceptibility pattern of isolated S. mutans was done by Kirby-Bauer disc diffusion method for 6  β-Lactam antibiotics (ampicillin, penicillin, amoxicillin, cefotaxime, methicillin and cefazolin) and 4 non β-Lactam antibiotics (clindamycin, erythromycin, lincomycin and vancomycin). Results: When isolated S. mutans were exposed to biofilm detection by TCP method, 31 (12.2%) showed high biofilm formation capacity, 46 (18%) showed moderate biofilm formation capacity, while 184 (72.2%) showed non / weak formation capacity of biofilm. The overall rate of biofilm formation was 30.2%. There was an escalation in the rate of formation of S. mutans biofilms with an increased degree of caries index. The S. mutans biofilms positve showed a higher rate of resistance than non/weak biofilm formation e.g ampicillin (28.6% versus 12.9%,  p = 0.002), amoxicillin (77.9% versus 18%, p <0.0001), and penicillin (79.2 % versus 23%, <0.0001) etc.  Conclusion: The present study proved that S. mutans is still the major bacteria isolate from the oral cavity, but few persons might not have significant number of S. mutans in oral cavity. The S. mutans biofilm - producers were more able to cause dental caries compared to the S. mutans biofilm-non-producers. Drug resistant factor in the S. mutans isolates was found to be associated with S. mutans biofilm formation.                           Peer Review History: Received 12 November  2020; Revised 20 Decembe; Accepted 5 January, Available online 15 January 2021 Academic Editor: Dr. Asia Selman Abdullah,  Al-Razi university, Department of Pharmacy, Yemen, [email protected] Received file:                Reviewer's Comments: Average Peer review marks at initial stage: 6.5/10 Average Peer review marks at publication stage: 8.0/10 Reviewer(s) detail: Dr. Alfonso Alexander Aguileral, University of Veracruz,  Mexico, [email protected] Dr. George Zhu, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran, [email protected] Similar Articles: CAUSES FOR EXTRACTION OF PERMANENT TEETH IN GENERAL DENTAL PRACTICES IN YEMEN PREVALENCE OF STAPHYLOCOCCUS AUREUS IN DENTAL INFECTIONS AND THE OCCURRENCE OF MRSA IN ISOLATE

BIOFILM FORMATION AND ANTIFUNGAL SUSCEPTIBILITY OF CANDIDA ISOLATES FROM ORAL CAVITY AFTER THE INTRODUCTION OF FIXED ORTHODONTIC APPLIANCES

Background and aims: Fixed Orthodontic Appliances (FOA) act as diverse impact zones and modify microbial adherence and colonization, acting as unfamiliar reserves and potential sources of infection  This study was conducted to inspect the effect of the introduction of fixed orthodontic appliances on the growth and adherence (biofilm formation) of Candida species. And also to reveal the species distribution and antifungal sensitivity to isolated Candida species.  Material and methods: The trial group was chosen   from orthodontic patients whom were inspected clinically as soon as to get baseline information prior to active treatment. The group included 210 patients; 165 females, and 45 males, (mean age 21.6 ± 4.5 years). Clinical, demographic, and risk factor data were collected in a standard questionnaire and then each individual was directed to perform an oral rinse with phosphate-buffered saline, which was expectorated and processed proposed for the isolation and identification of Candida species by standard methods. After that, the isolated Candida species were tested for biofilm production by the phenotypic method i.e. Tissue culture palate methods (TCPM). Finally, antibiogram susceptibility pattern of oral Candida species was done by Kirby-Bauer disc diffusion method for amphotericin B, ketoconazole, and fluconazole. Results: The most common yeast colonized oral cavity after the introduction of FOA was C. albicans (72.5%), followed by C. glabrata and C. tropicalis  (12.5%), while Candida parapsilosis  only was 2.5%. The rate of formation of biofilms was 52.5% for all types of Candida, and it was found that biofilm formation occurs more frequently among C. tropicals  and C. glabrata (60%) than C. albicans (48.3%). All Candida species isolates were sensitive to amphotericin B and ketoconazole while resistance to fluconazole was found in 40% of C. tropicalis and 20% in C. glabrata  and 13.8% in C. albicans.  Conclusion: The present study proved that C. albicans is still the major isolate from the oral cavity after the introduction of FOA, but non-albicans species colonization is raised and FOA might be a factor for biofilm formation. The C. tropicalis and C. glabrata were more– biofilm-producers compared to C. albicans. The isolated species in the current study are less susceptible to fluconazole and drug resistant factor in the Candida species isolates was found to be associated with  biofilm formation.                       Peer Review History: Received 4 July 2020; Revised 2 August; Accepted 4 September, Available online 15 September 2020 Academic Editor: Essam Mohamed Eissa, Beni-Suef University, Egypt, [email protected] Received file:                Reviewer's Comments: Average Peer review marks at initial stage: 6.5/10 Average Peer review marks at publication stage: 8.0/10 Reviewer(s) detail: Dr. Wadhah Hassan Edrees, Hajjah University, Yemen, [email protected] Dr. Muhammad Zahid Iqbal, AIMST University, Kedah Darul Aman, Malaysia, [email protected] Similar Articles: ORAL CANDIDA ALBICANS COLONIZATION RATE IN FIXED ORTHODONTICS PATIENTS ORAL C. ALBICANS COLONIZATION AND NON-CANDIDA ALBICANS CANDIDA COLONIZATION AMONG UNIVERSITY STUDENTS, YEMEN PREVALENCE AND ASSOCIATED FACTORS OF ORAL NON-CANDIDA ALBICANS CANDIDA CARRIAGE IN DENTURE WEARERS IN SANA'A CITY- YEME

CLINICAL FEATURES, AGE AND SEX DISTRIBUTIONS, RISK FACTORS AND THE TYPE OF BACTERIA ISOLATED IN PERIODONTITIS PATIENTS IN SANA'A, YEMEN

Background: Periodontitis is an inflammation caused by plaque in the surrounding dental structures. It is a major factor in adult tooth loss. There is lack of information on associated clinical features, risk factors and microbial etiology of periodontitis in Sana’a, Yemen. Aim: The study focused on associated clinical features, risk factors and the separation and classification of bacteria in periodontitis and associated risk factors amongst patients attending dental clinics is Sana’a city.  Methods: First, 296 patients were admitted to the dental clinic at the Republican University Hospital and private dental clinics in Sana'a during a period of nearly one year, which began in December 2019 AD and ended in November 2020 AD, when they were diagnosed with dental diseases, then 49 of them were selected who are suffering from periodontitis, of whom 22 are males and 27 are females. Sterile paper points were used for the sample collection. Standard culture and biochemical techniques were used for the isolation and identification. Structured questionnaires were used to record clinical features, demographic variables and other risk factors of periodontitis. Results: A total of 130 microorganisms were isolated from 49 patients with periodontitis. Male patients accounted for 14.4% and females 18.9% of the all 296 patients who attended our clinics.  There was no important association between sex and periodontitis occurrence while there was significant association the younger age groups (45.4% in <26 years of age). The most common signs and symptoms were swollen or puffy gums (91.9%), bleed easily gums (96%), halitosis (96%), painful chewing (87.8%), pus between teeth and gums (71.4%), loose teeth or loss of teeth (44.9%), gingival recession (83.7%), spitting out blood when brushing or flossing teeth (79.6%), and tender gums (93.9%). Conclusion: This study is new in Sana'a city. The clinical features of preiodentitis in Yemen and the risk factors are similar to those reported in the literature elsewhere, but the isolated bacteria differ in frequency from those reported elsewhere, as some upper respiratory tract pathogens such as Streptococcus pyogenes are commonly isolated in this study. Knowledge of the clinical features, bacterial causes of gum disease, and risk factors is the key to successful periodontal therapy.                     Peer Review History: Received 8 January 2021; Revised 5 February; Accepted 25 February, Available online 15 March 2021 Academic Editor: Essam Mohamed Eissa, Beni-Suef University, Egypt, [email protected] UJPR follows the most transparent and toughest ‘Advanced OPEN peer review’ system. The identity of the authors and, reviewers will be known to each other. This transparent process will help to eradicate any possible malicious/purposeful interference by any person (publishing staff, reviewer, editor, author, etc) during peer review. As a result of this unique system, all reviewers will get their due recognition and respect, once their names are published in the papers. We expect that, by publishing peer review reports with published papers, will be helpful to many authors for drafting their article according to the specifications. Auhors will remove any error of their article and they will improve their article(s) according to the previous reports displayed with published article(s). The main purpose of it is ‘to improve the quality of a candidate manuscript’. Our reviewers check the ‘strength and weakness of a manuscript honestly’. There will increase in the perfection, and transparency.  Received file:                Reviewer's Comments: Average Peer review marks at initial stage: 6.0/10 Average Peer review marks at publication stage: 7.5/10 Reviewer(s) detail: Dr. Tamer Elhabibi, Suez Canal University, Egypt, [email protected] Dr. Rawaa Souhil Al-Kayali, Aleppo University, Syria, [email protected] Rola Jadallah, Arab American University, Palestine, [email protected] Prof. Dr. Gorkem Dulger, Duzce University, Turkey, [email protected] Similar Articles: RISK FACTORS OF PERIODONTAL DISEASES AMONG YEMENI YOUNG DENTAL PATIENTS KNOWLEDGE AND PERCEPTION OF MOLAR INCISOR HYPOMINERALIZATION AMONG DENTAL PRACTITIONERS IN SANA’A CITY- YEMEN PREVALENCE OF STAPHYLOCOCCUS AUREUS IN DENTAL INFECTIONS AND THE OCCURRENCE OF MRSA IN ISOLATES ASSOCIATION BETWEEN THE STREPTOCOCCUS MUTANS BIOFILM FORMATION AND DENTAL CARIES EXPERIENCE AND ANTIBIOTICS RESISTANCE IN ADULT FEMALE

CHARACTERIZATION AND ANTIBIOTIC SENSITIVITY OF BACTERIA IN OROFACIAL ABSCESSES OF ODONTOGENIC ORIGIN

Background: Odontogenic infections vary from minor abscesses to superficial and deep infections that lead to acute infections in the head and neck area that may threaten the patient's life.  The objectives of this study are to identify bacteria accountable for orofacial infection of odontogenic origin and patterns of their susceptibility to drugs in order to provide a superior understanding of dental infection management in Yemen. Methods:  The study was conducted on a selected group of patients, regardless of gender and age, who suffer from severe to moderate orofacial infections of odontogenic origin and were admitted to the dental clinic at the Republican University Hospital in Sana'a city. Sample of pus was collected and the bacteria were identified by cultivation in suitable medium and then identified by standard bacteriological techniques. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing was also performed using the Kirby-Bauer disc diffusion method. Result:  A total of 118 cases were positive for bacterial culture, 63 males and 55 females ranged between 5 and 65 years of age, most of them in the age group> 45 years (39.8%), 51.7% had dental abscesses and 48.3% had periodental abscesses. Staphylococcus aureus, Bacteroides species and Staphylococcus epidermidis were isolated from patients with dental abscesses, Staphylococcus aureus, Bacteroides species, Staphylococcus epidermidis and Streptococcus pyogens  from perio-Dental abscesses. The most prevalent bacteria were Staphylococcus aureus (about 63% of the total isolates), more than 40% of which were resistant to ceftizoxime, calithromycin, augmentin, tetracyclines, erythromycin and oxacillin. While Staphylococcus  epidermidis showed less antibiotic resistance than Staphylococcus aureus. As for the Bacteroids species, it was sensitive to metronidazole and clindamycin (100%), augmentin (98.6%), calrithromycin (94.4%) and finally vancomycin (76.1%).  Conclusion: An elevated occurrence of bacterial isolates was discovered, and Staphylococcus aureus was dominant.Most of the isolated bacteria were resistant to diverse classes of antibiotics. Appropriate antibiotics should be administered based on the bacterial isolates, culture sensitivity, and clinical course of disease.                         Peer Review History: Received 6 November 2020; Revised 22 Decembe; Accepted 5 January, Available online 15 January 2021 Academic Editor: Dr. Asia Selman Abdullah,  Al-Razi university, Department of Pharmacy, Yemen, [email protected] UJPR follows the most transparent and toughest ‘Advanced OPEN peer review’ system. The identity of the authors and, reviewers will be known to each other. This transparent process will help to eradicate any possible malicious/purposeful interference by any person (publishing staff, reviewer, editor, author, etc) during peer review. As a result of this unique system, all reviewers will get their due recognition and respect, once their names are published in the papers. We expect that, by publishing peer review reports with published papers, will be helpful to many authors for drafting their article according to the specifications. Auhors will remove any error of their article and they will improve their article(s) according to the previous reports displayed with published article(s). The main purpose of it is ‘to improve the quality of a candidate manuscript’. Our reviewers check the ‘strength and weakness of a manuscript honestly’. There will increase in the perfection, and transparency. Received file:                Reviewer's Comments: Average Peer review marks at initial stage: 6.0/10 Average Peer review marks at publication stage: 8.0/10 Reviewer(s) detail: Dr. Gulam Mohammed Husain, National Research Institute of Unani Medicine for Skin Disorders, Hyderabad, India, [email protected] Dr. Nuray Arı, Ankara University, Turkiye, [email protected] Dr. A.A. Mgbahurike, University of Port Harcourt, Nigeria, [email protected] Similar Articles: KNOWLEDGE AND PERCEPTION OF MOLAR INCISOR HYPOMINERALIZATION AMONG DENTAL PRACTITIONERS IN SANA’A CITY- YEMEN  PREVALENCE AND CAUSES OF TRAUMATIC DENTAL INJURIES TO ANTERIOR TEETH AMONG PRIMARY SCHOOL CHILDREN IN SANA'A CITY, YEME