Assessment of Air Pollution around Durra Refinery (Baghdad) from Emission NO2 Gas at April Month

غاز النتروجين هو واحد من المولوثات الخطره الموجوده في الهواء,انه غاز سام ويسبب تاثيرات صحيه كبيره على الجهاز التنفسي,اغلب مصادر هذا الغاز تنبعث من المصادر صناعيه  وبشكل خاص من مداخن محطات الطاقه ومصافي النفط. في هذه الدراسه معادله كاوس تم نمذجتها بستخدام برنامج الماتلاب لتوضيح تاثير غاز ثاني اوكسيد النتروجين NO2على منطقه محيطه بمصفى الدوره وايضا هذا البرنامج يقوم بتقيم بعض العناصر مثل سرعه الرياح والاستقراريه وتاثيرها على ارتفاع المدخنه.البيانات المستخدمه في هذه الدراسه هي كميه النفط الاسود ووقود الغاز المحترق في داخل المصفى خلال سنه 2017.البيانات الساعيه الشهريه اختبرت كحاله دراسيه بسبب هذا الشهر كحاله متقلبه.بعد تحديد نسبه الانبعاث للوقود وحساب سرعه الخروج من المدخنه(سنعتبر كل المصفى نقطه واحده) وحساب الارتفاع الفعال الناتج.تم مقارنه بين الارتفاع الفعال والعناصر الجويه وايضا الاستقراريه حيث وجد ان هناك علاقه طرديه مباشره عند ظروف الجويه الغير مستقره.بعد تنفيذ موديل كاوس تبين ان اغلب المناطق الملوثه بغاز ثاني اوكسيد النتروجين NO2هي الجادريه ومنطقه الكراراده وهي منطقه تبعد 3-4كم من المصفى ان الرياح السائده هي الجنوب الشرقي.Nitrogen dioxide NO2 is one of the most dangerous contaminant in the air, its toxic gas that cause disturbing respiratory effects, most of it emitted from industrial sources especially from the stack of power plants and oil refineries. In this study Gaussian equations modelled by Matlab program to state the effect of pollutant NO2 gas on area around Durra refinery, this program also evaluate some elements such as wind and stability and its effect on stacks height. Data used in this study is the amount of fuel oil and fuel gas burn inside refinery at a year 2017. Hourly April month data chosen as a case study because it’s unsteady month. After evaluate emission rate of the all fuel and calculate exit velocity from stack (consider all refinery unit is a point), effective height resulted. Effective height is test with other atmospheric element and with stability, and there is direct relation with unstable turner classes. After Gaussian model implemented results show that most pollutant area from pollutant of NO2 is Al-Jadriyah and Al-Karada area, this area is about 3-5 kilometer from the refinery point. The wind direction domain is from the south to south-east, thus most flow is to north, north-west and the pollutant level of NO2 is over the national ambient air quality standard in this area

Characteristics of Cµ2 derived from ultrasonic anemometer in an urban boundary layer

Fast-response observations of three components of wind and air temperature have been applied to calculate the refractive index function coefficient (Cµ2 ), which is needed to describe optical wave propagation in a turbulent medium. These were measured by 3D ultrasonic anemometer installed on the roof of the building of Atmospheric Science Department which is 19 m above ground level. Refractive index function coeffi cient was calculated for various periods of three seasons: winter, spring and summer.Diurnal variations of (Cµ2) have been made at the surface layer for these seasons. The results show that high values ofmean (Cµ2) occurred during the day time more than at night, also they occurred more in summer than in winter and spring. The results of (Cµ2) found to change with atmospheric stability, whereas they inversely decrease under unstable conditions, approximately constant at neutral cases, and increase under stable conditions. Values of (Cµ2) on average appears to be lower during the rainy and foggy weather cases compared to those of clear sky

Study the Concentration of SO2 Emitted From Daura Refinery by Using Screen View Model

In this study, the concentrations of sulfur dioxide (SO2) were emitted from the Daura oil refinery units and their effect on the surrounding areas of the refinery were investigated, and also, study the atmospheric stability effective by using the Screen View model, and check the effect of the wind speed and direction on the spread of pollutants. As indicated during this study, the physical factors of the sources of pollution, such as the height of the chimney, its diameter and the surrounding environmental conditions, contributed to the increase in the concentration of contaminants. It was generally observed that the concentration of SO2 increased by increasing the rates of airflow and ambient temperature. This work was prove the influences of weather conditions in the transmission and spread of pollutants such as wind speed, wind direction, atmospheric stability and ambient temperature, but the effect of ambient air temperature was lower than others variables. When the distance increases between the plume and the source of pollution, a heat exchange takes place with the surrounding atmosphere, the difference between the temperature of the emitted gas and the surrounding atmosphere decreases and the buoyant force increases. This leads to a lack of vertical movement that disperses the contaminants. In addition, the concentration of the pollutants decreases with the distance increases from the source of the pollution. In the present work, emission rate of SO2, and stack gas exit velocity calculated for all stacks (point sources) of the twelve production units during August 2013, and February 2014 by using the actual amounts of fuel consumed in Daura refinery in this period

Investigating the Aerodynamic Surface Roughness Length over Baghdad City Utilizing Remote Sensing and GIS Techniques

This study calculated the surface roughness length (Zo), zero-displacement length (Zd) and height of the roughness elements (ZH) using GIS applications. The practical benefit of this study is to classify the development of Baghdad, choose the appropriate places for installing wind turbines, improve urban planning, find rates of turbulence, pollution and others. The surface roughness length (Zo) of Baghdad city was estimated based on the data of the wind speed obtained from an automatic weather station installed at Al-Mustansiriyah University, the data of the satellite images digital elevation model (DEM), and the digital surface model (DSM), utilizing Remote Sensing Techniques. The study area was divided into 15 municipalities (Rasheed, Mansour, Shulaa, Karrada, Shaab, Adhamiyah, Sadre 2, Sadre 1, Rusafa, Alghadeer, Baghdad Aljadeedah, Karkh, Kadhumiya, Green zone, and Dora). The results indicated that the variations in Zo depend strongly on zero-displacement length (Zd) and the roughness element height (ZH) and wind speed. The research results demonstrated that Baghdad Aljadeedah has the largest (Zo) with 0.43 m and Rasheed has the lowest value of (Zo) with 0.19 m.; the average (Zo) of Baghdad city was 0.32 m

Estimation of the Daily Maximum Air Temperature for Baghdad City Using Multiple Linear Regression

In this paper, we relied on historical observations for the period between (2005-2020) for the Baghdad meteorological station, which is characterized by a hot, dry climate in summer and cold and rainy in winter, as it is an example of a subtropical region. The multiple linear regression equation was developed and improved to produce a formula that predicts maximum air temperature. This was done by relying on climatic elements, namely minimum air temperature, wind speed, and relative humidity, and entering them into the formula as independent inputs that have a direct impact on estimating the maximum air temperature also calculating the correlation coefficients for each of them. The bias of the model was calculated and its value was entered as the correction for errors that accompany the application of the model

Development of annual urban heat island in Baghdad under climate change

This study investigated the confirmation of climate change by analyzing the long-term records of annual means of temperature taken from synoptic station located at International Baghdad Airport (rural site) available for the period from 1978 to 2019. Furthermore, based on annual temperature data recorded by automatic weather station installed at Mustansiriyah University (urban station), available for the period 2008–2019, the difference between urban and rural temperatures called as urban heat island (UHI) intensity was annually calculated. Statistic descriptive methods including temperature trend, percentile function and R-square were employed to recognize the contribution of UHI in enhancing the local warming climate. The results show that there was a warming trend of 0.052 °C/year for period of 42 years and 0.02 °C/year for recent 12 years at rural station which is lower than 0.13 °C/year observed at urban station. Also the results for annual UHI were found to be always positive intensity which ranges from 0.8 to 2.4 °C with a mean value of 1.78 °C. As a result of high annual UHI intensity, hot day events during 2008–2019 were extracted from daily temperatures exceeding of threshold value of 37.5 °C that dominate in summer months with totally 204 events and with an annual average of 17 days. Finally, under the continuing local warming climate, potential effects caused by UHI and its mitigation strategies are further presented

Heat waves and health impact on human in Baghdad

This investigation aim to evaluate the effect of heat wave on health of human, so to achieve this 40 blood samples for person exposed to heat wave were drawn most patients were attend to specialists in hospital laboratories (Medical City, Ibn al-Baladi, Sheikh Zayed, Kadhimiya Educational). The patients aged 10–60 years, male (20) and female (20). CBC analyzes was performed. The result of the presents study recorded a highly signifi cant difference in total (mean and percent) as compared with the normal value of the CBC analyze the result for total (mean and percent) for male the factors CRP, ESR, WBC, PCV, PL (15.5, 43, 11.35, 28.5, 215) respectively (100%, 100%, 100%, 100%, 100%) and the result for total (mean and percent) for female the factors CRP, ESR, WBC, PCV, PL (15, 43.5, 11.35, 31, 220.5) respectively (100%, 100%, 100%, 100%, 100%). According to the result we can conclude that there was a highly significant deferent in mean value for patient compared with the normal value which is the mean cause of hard attack which lead to death. The study is the first of its kind in the Department of Atmospheric Sciences in Iraq

Seasonal normalized difference vegetation index responses to air temperature and precipitation in Baghdad

The spatial distribution of urban vegetation cover is strongly related to climatological conditions, which play a vital role in urban cooling via shading and reducing ground surface temperature and effective strategy in mitigation urban heat island. Based on the Landsat satellite images, the quantitative normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) was spatially mapped at two times for each year during 2008, 2013, 2019 in Baghdad. The NDVI values ranged from −1 to +1 with considering values larger than 0.2 indicate the dense healthy vegetation. In this study, the fractional areas of NDVI >0.2 were computed with their percentage. The responses of the NDVI during the growing seasons to two climate indices (i.e., air temperature and precipitation) were investigated. These climatic data obtained from the Iraqi Meteorological Organization and Seismology for the aforementioned years were used to explore the potential correlations between seasonal NDVI and above climate variables. The result shows that NDVI-derived vegetation growth patterns were highly correlated with their recording during the current growth seasons