A Review of the Opportunistic Pathogen Citrobacter Freundii in Piglets Post Weaning : Public Health Importance

The review study will describe clearly related research about Citrobacter freundii in piglet intestines which has been known to play a very important role in animal health and its effects on aspects of public health. Thus, the existence of Citrobacter freundii as a pathogenic opportunistic bacterium as a result of weaning plays an important role in the formation and maintenance of the intestinal microbiota which affects the health and growth performance of pigs in the future. The review discussed the presence of Citrobacter freundii in the intestines of healthy pigs and its presence during the weaning period. The review explains comprehensively related research findings regarding the cytotoxicity of Citrobacter freundii and its resistance to several antimicrobials and provide an overview of recent studies that could help facilitate the design of a new strategy for conducting further research on Citrobacter freundii in pig

A Review of the Presence of Antibiotic Resistance Problems on Klebsiella Pneumoniae Acquired from Pigs: Public Health Importance

Antibiotic resistance is a global public health problem. Antibiotic resistant bacteria such as Klebseilla pneumoniae is bacteria that is common in the digestive tract and upper respiratory tract of animals and humans. Several studies have shown that this bacterium is not only found in humans but also in animals, one of which is pigs which are known to be a reservoir for the spread of this bacteria. There are several strains, resistant antibiotics, antibiotic resistance genes and virulence genes of the Klebsiella pneumoniae bacteria in pigs which were summarized in this article. Not only in pigs, but this antibiotic resistant bacterium is also known to be found in other food-producing animals, such as cows, chickens and sheep. Many cases of Klebsiella pneumoniae in humans have been reported, but cases of Klebsiella pneumoniae in humans related to animals or strains related to animals and humans were also summarized in this article. Control and prevention are needed to prevent the spread of antibiotic resistant bacteria from animal to animal, animal to human and vice versa as well as to the surrounding environmen

ISOLASI ACTINOMYCETES DARI SEDIMEN MANGROVE UJUNG PANGKAH DI GRESIK

This research was conducted to get actinomycetes isolate from mangrove sediment Ujung Pangkah in Gresik. Samples sediment were taken from mangrove rhizosfer in Ujung Pangkah on 3 different location sampling areas. Ten gram of soil sample was accurately weighed and transferred to ad 100 mL of sterile NaCL physiologic mixed well for 10 minuts. The resultant solution was serially diluted up to 10−10 (10−3, 10−4 until 10−12) with NaCl physiologic. One millilitre of each intermediate dilution (10−3, 10−4 until 10−12) was added to 10 mL of sterile molten Starch Casein Agar medium wich has been supplemented using both chloramphenicol and griseofulvin each one 0.05 ppm individually in separate flasks. The plates were incubated for the growth of actinomycetes colonies at 28 °C and observed intermittently during incubation. After 7 days of incubation, the colonies showing the characteristics of actinomycetes (rough, chalky, powdery appearance radiating growth and leathery texture) were observed. Identification of actinomycetes isolates was conducted by observing macroscopic characteristic of the colony, microscopic of conidial, bacterial cell and the ability of bacteria to resist from acid alcohol. Identification was done based on Bergey's manual of determinatif bacteriology. The result of this research obtained 9 different isolates actinomycetes. The 9 isolat was identified as 3 genera from actinomycetes. The genera of isolate obtained are Micromonospora, Nocardia and Streptomycete

A Review of Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli Infection in Piglets: Public Health Importance

Diarrhea in piglets can cause health problems and even death. The cause is often infection by enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC). This condition can have an impact on the growth of pigs and the economy of farmers, the cause can also be transmitted to humans which has an impact on public health. Diarrhea is one of the main health problems of piglets, because it attacks the digestive tract, especially the intestines. The main virulence factors are adhesin (fimbriae) and enterotoxins, with the most frequently found being ETEC F4 (K88) and F18. Fimbriae F4 (K88) ETEC causes diarrhea in neonatal pigs, while fimbriae F18 causes diarrhea in post-weaning pigs (PWD). Meanwhile, enterotoxin is divided into two types, namely heat labile enterotoxin (LT) and heat resistant enterotoxin (ST). After attaching it to the intestinal mucosa, E. coli will colonize and produce enterotoxins. Neonatal diarrhea is usually observed in piglets 1-4 days of age, while post-weaning diarrhea occurs in piglets 2-3 weeks after weaning with a peak diarrhea occurring 6-8 weeks post weaning, and even at 12 weeks. The large amount of water and electrolyte secretions causes dehydration, metabolic acidosis, osmotic diarrhea and a high probability of death before 2 weeks. Currently, there are many incidents of antibiotic resistance, so an alternative use of antibiotics is needed in pig farms to prevent ETEC infection. Alternative antibiotics that can be used to prevent infection with ETEC infection in piglets are immunoprophylaxis, antimicrobial minerals (such as zinci oxide and cupri sulfate), acidifiers, blood plasma, egg yolk antibodies, probiotics, nucleotides, bacteriophages and so on. These kinds of alternatives and feed additives can improve intestinal health and prevent diarrhea in piglets. This review contains the latest research from various journals discussing how ETEC can infect piglets and the management against the diseas

A Review of Salmonellosis on Poultry Farms: Public Health Importance

Salmonella spp. is a bacterial causative agent that can cause salmonellosis in humans and animals. Salmonellosis is categorized as an important zoonotic disease in public health. Infection can be acquired by direct contact and indirect contact with animals. Indirect transmission can occur through contact with the environment around animals or with contaminated objects around poultry farms. Salmonella in humans, which is an infectious disease, has three types of infections, namely typhoid fever, paratyphoid fever, and non-typhoid Salmonella (NTS). Typhoid fever and paratyphoid fever are caused by S. typhi and S. enterica serovar Paratyphi (S. paratyphi), in contrast, S.typhimurium, S. enteritidis, Salmonella enterica serovar newport (S. newport), and Salmonella enterica serovar heidelberg (S. heildeberg) causes non-typhoid Salmonella infection. The distribution of Salmonella is very widespread and persistent in dry environments but can persist in water for up to several months. In poultry, Salmonella can cause clinical disease or subclinical infection in asymptomatic animals which are often referred to as carriers. Infectious disease control in poultry farms always uses antibiotics. High antibiotic use can lead to increased antibiotic resistance. Raising awareness is critical to limiting the inappropriate use of antibiotic