Designing zoning of remote sensing drones for urban applications: a review

This paper discusses on-going research related to zoning regulation for the remote sensing drone in the urban applications. Timestamped maps are presented here follow a citation-based approach, where significant information is retrieved from the scientific literature. The emergence of drones in domestic air raises lots understandable issues on privacy, security and uncontrolled pervasive surveillance that require a careful and alternative solution. The effective solution is to adopt a privacy and property rights approach that create a drone zoning and clear drone legislatures. In providing a differential trend to other reviews, this paper is not limited to drones zoning and regulations, but also, discuss on trend remote sensing drones specification in designing a drone zones. Remote sensing drone will specific according to their features and performances; size and endurance, maximum airspeed and altitude level and particular references are made to the drones range. The implementation of laws zoning could lie with the urban planners whereby, a zoning for drone could become a new tactic used to specify areas, where drones could be used, will provide remedies for the harm that arise from drones, and act as a different against irresponsible behaviour. Finally, underlines the need for next regulations on guidelines and standards which can be used as a guidance for urban decision makers to control the drones’ operating, thus ensuring a quality and sustainability of resilience cities simultaneously encouraging the revolution of technology. 1.0 INTRODUCTION The innovation of drones’ technologies has challenged a new regulation on guidelines and standards in many development countries. A drone is a system that set of complementary technologies brought together with their own class to fulfil a specific task. The drone can range in size and form and are typically described according to weight, endurance, purpose of use and altitude of the operation. (Jenkins, 2015). According to Department of Civil Aviation (DCA), a small aircraft is defined as any unmanned aircraft weighing not more than 20kg. The drone has been served the needs of large-scale low-altitude imaging and geospatial information users and developing an industry of its own (Cho, et al., 2013; Mayr, 2013; and Petrie, 2013). The data retrieved by drones can be used quickly to provide up-to-date, area-wide and cost-effective transformation data or images into translatable information through mapping of the urban morphology (Jenkin, 2015). According t

Identifying shrines area using radarsat Lembah Bujang, Kedah, Malaysia

Lembah Bujang was an international cultural and commercial crossroad 2000 years age. Its history, economic potential and a unique socio – cultural, art and architecture and diplomatic relationship offer fertile ground for scholar investigation. However, the issue on the pre-historic ruins as archaeological sites in Lembah Bujang were secretly demolished by modern development brings a further analysis. The aim for this research is to identify potential shrines area in two study areas consisting of Lembah Bujang and Kompleks Sungai Batu using RADARSAT images. Local Adaptive Filtering and Feature Extraction were applied to multi-temporal images of RADARSAT for years 2003 and 2014 to identify potential shrines. Two study areas were selected using ENVI 4.8. The findings show that The Local Adaptive Filtering on GAMMA Map filter is one of the best techniques in identifying potential shrines areas. This technique proves to be a reliable guide in historical sites detection in Malaysia which will also contribute to the chronological literature of the land use development planning in Lembah Bujang. Additionally, this technique will also aid in making recommendations for land use planning guidelines in preservation and conservation of heritage sites

Predicting growth of gold nanoparticle by photochemical reduction process associated with mathematical modelling

Nowadays, to develop new generation of nanodevices, most researchers such as chemists, physicists, biologists, even the engineers are focusing their studies towards the uniqueness as well as the chemical properties of metal nanoparticles. Even, the mathematician also has governed the appropriate mathematical modelling regarding of properties of nanoparticles such as gold nanoparticles. In this paper, some experiment regarding the photochemical and photocatalytic processes for predicting the growth of gold nanoparticles from previous studies has been reviewed. Besides that, in observing the growth rate of gold nanoparticles, a mathematical modelling has been governed. Where, ultraviolet, UV radiation with wavelength of 366 nm and 253.7 nm has been fixed as the constant parameters. The governing equation is then solved numerically using some iterative method known as Jacobi and Gauss Seidel. The convergence of both methods is discussed in detail and the numerical analysis is presented in table form to justify and validate the convergence as well as the performance of the proposed iterative methods

SURFACE MORPHOLOGY AND CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF NAPIER GRASS FIBERS (Morfologi Permukaan dan Komposisi Kimia Gentian Rumput Napier)

Abstract A cellulosic component of Napier grass has high potential for the ethanol production. The presence of hemicelluloses, lignin and cellulose in Napier grass fiber can affect the ethanol production. The aim of this study is analyzed the effect of different pretreatment condition (2% of acetic acid and 2% of sodium hydroxide) on the chemical composition and observe the fiber surface morphology of the Napier grass fibers. The fiber surface morphology was observed using Scanning Electrone Microscope (SEM). The result of different pretreatment condition showed that 2% of acetic acid treatment have the highest percentage of cellulose followed by 2% of sodium hydroxide treatment and untreated sample. The hemicellulose content is reduced when treated with acid and alkali. Based on the fiber morphology characterization, acid and alkali pretreatment condition showed that the surface impurities on the fiber were removed. This study suggested that the acid and alkali treatment of Napier grass fibers has a potential to enhance the ethanol production because it can reduce the hemicellulose content. Keywords: Cellulose, Napier grass fiber composition, Pretreatment Abstrak Komponen selulosa dalam rumput Napier mempunyai potensi yang tinggi untuk menghasilkan etanol. Kehadiran hemiselulosa, lignin dan selulosa dalam gentian rumput Napier boleh memberi kesan kepada penghasilan etanol. Objektif kajian ini adalah untuk menganalisa komposisi kimia rumput Napier dalam keadaan pra-rawatan yang berbeza (2% asid asetik dan 2% natrium hidroksida) dan untuk melihat pencirian gentian serat rumput Napier berdasarkan pra-rawatan yang berbeza. Morfologi permukaan gentian dilihat menggunakan Mikroskop Elektron Pengimbas. Keputusan analisa menunjukkan bahawa peratusan selulosa berdasarkan 2% rawatan asid asetik adalah paling tinggi, diikuti gentian yang dirawat dengan 2% natrium hidroksida dan sampel gentian yang tidak dirawat. Kandungan hemiselulosa berkurangan apabila dirawat dengan asid dan alkali. Berdasarkan pencirian morfologi, gentian rumput Napier yang dirawat dengan asid dan alkali mempunyai morfologi permukaan yang lebih licin dan mempunyai banyak ruang di antara gentian. Kajian ini mencadangkan bahawa rawatan asid dan alkali mempunyai potensi untuk menambahkan penghasilan etanol disebabkan berlakunya pengurangan kandungan hemiselulosa

Twelve-month observational study of children with cancer in 41 countries during the COVID-19 pandemic

Introduction Childhood cancer is a leading cause of death. It is unclear whether the COVID-19 pandemic has impacted childhood cancer mortality. In this study, we aimed to establish all-cause mortality rates for childhood cancers during the COVID-19 pandemic and determine the factors associated with mortality. Methods Prospective cohort study in 109 institutions in 41 countries. Inclusion criteria: children <18 years who were newly diagnosed with or undergoing active treatment for acute lymphoblastic leukaemia, non-Hodgkin's lymphoma, Hodgkin lymphoma, retinoblastoma, Wilms tumour, glioma, osteosarcoma, Ewing sarcoma, rhabdomyosarcoma, medulloblastoma and neuroblastoma. Of 2327 cases, 2118 patients were included in the study. The primary outcome measure was all-cause mortality at 30 days, 90 days and 12 months. Results All-cause mortality was 3.4% (n=71/2084) at 30-day follow-up, 5.7% (n=113/1969) at 90-day follow-up and 13.0% (n=206/1581) at 12-month follow-up. The median time from diagnosis to multidisciplinary team (MDT) plan was longest in low-income countries (7 days, IQR 3-11). Multivariable analysis revealed several factors associated with 12-month mortality, including low-income (OR 6.99 (95% CI 2.49 to 19.68); p<0.001), lower middle income (OR 3.32 (95% CI 1.96 to 5.61); p<0.001) and upper middle income (OR 3.49 (95% CI 2.02 to 6.03); p<0.001) country status and chemotherapy (OR 0.55 (95% CI 0.36 to 0.86); p=0.008) and immunotherapy (OR 0.27 (95% CI 0.08 to 0.91); p=0.035) within 30 days from MDT plan. Multivariable analysis revealed laboratory-confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infection (OR 5.33 (95% CI 1.19 to 23.84); p=0.029) was associated with 30-day mortality. Conclusions Children with cancer are more likely to die within 30 days if infected with SARS-CoV-2. However, timely treatment reduced odds of death. This report provides crucial information to balance the benefits of providing anticancer therapy against the risks of SARS-CoV-2 infection in children with cancer

Sequential algorithm and numerical analysis on mathematical model for thermal control curing process of thermoset composite material

To reproduce and improve the efficiency of waste composite materials with consistence and high quality, it is important to tailor and control their temperature profile during curing process. Due to this phenomenon, temperature profile during curing process between two layers of composite materials, which are, resin and carbon fibre are visualized in this paper. Thus, mathematical model of 2D convection-diffusion of the heat equation of thick thermoset composite during its curing process is employed for this study. Sequential algorithms for some numerical approximation such as Jacobi and Gauss Seidel are investigated. Finite difference method schemes such as forward, backward and central methods are used to discretize the mathematical modelling in visualizing the temperature behavior of composite materials. While, the physical and thermal properties of materials used from previous studies are fully employed. The comparisons of numerical analysis between Jacobi and Gauss Seidel methods are investigated in terms of time execution, iteration numbers, maximum error, computational and complexity, as well as root means square error (RMSE). The Fourth-order Runge-Kutta scheme is applied to obtain the degree of cure for curing process of composite materials. From the numerical analysis, Gauss Seidel method gives much better output compared to Jacobi method

Filtering techniques on analysis of archeology areas using radarsat images: case study of Lembah Bujang, Malaysia

Speckle noise present in radar imagery caused by interaction of out –of-phase waves with a target, the objective of this paper is attempt to test filtering techniques consist of Lee, Frost and Gamma Map to identify a potential shrines area in Lembah Bujang using RADARSAT imageries. The multi-temporal images of RADARSAT for years 2003 and 2014 have been used filtering techniques in identifying potential shrines consist of have been used and tested to selected study areas with using processing software of ENVI 4.8 and ArcGIS 10.2. Based on mathematical morphology, the speckles in these images were reduced, once the reduction is achieved, the enhancement of archaeological sites is accomplished. The finding shows that Local Adaptive Filtering on GAMMA Map filter is the best techniques in identifying potential shrines areas at once as guidance to pursuing an area as official gazette historical site in Malaysia contex

Parallel performance evaluation for curing process of thermoset nanocomposites materials

The investigation towards rate of growth for the curing process of thermoset nanocomposites materials is of great concern to most engineering and chemistry researchers since it is closely related to our natural resources, and has valuable properties. It is important to tailor and control the waste composite materials temperature profile during curing process to reproduce and improve its efficiency. Due to this phenomenon, temperature profile during curing process between two layers of composite materials is considered in this study. The mathematical model of 1D convection-diffusion of the heat equation of thick thermoset composite during its curing process has been employed. We predicted the temperature behavior for separating two layers of nanocomposites materials. Mathematical modelling to represent the problem were discretized numerically by employing central Finite Different Method (FDM) with weight parameter h. The Linear System Equation (LSE) resulted from the discretization are solved by three numerical methods, Alternating Group Explicit (AGE), Red Black Gauss Seidel (RBGS) and Jacobi (JB). Results acquired from RBGS and JB methods have become the benchmarks for evaluating the results from AGE methods. Then, we developed parallel algorithms on the mathematical model based on AGE, RBGS and JB methods. Finally, we evaluated and analyzed the performance indicators based on the parallel performance evaluation (PPE) in solving the PDE. Parallel algorithm is computed in Parallel Virtual Machine (PVM) programming on Linux operating system (Fedora 21) as a platform in order to accelerate the sequential execution as well as the convergence rate. Parallel AGE has significantly outperformed their counterparts compared with the benchmark classical methods (RBGS and JB) for two dimensional problems. Despite having huge computational complexity, results obtained from Parallel AGE methods have proven valuable since it enables to provide solution with higher accuracy and stability

DESIGNING ZONING OF REMOTE SENSING DRONES FOR URBAN APPLICATIONS: A REVIEW

This paper discusses on-going research related to zoning regulation for the remote sensing drone in the urban applications. Timestamped maps are presented here follow a citation-based approach, where significant information is retrieved from the scientific literature. The emergence of drones in domestic air raises lots understandable issues on privacy, security and uncontrolled pervasive surveillance that require a careful and alternative solution. The effective solution is to adopt a privacy and property rights approach that create a drone zoning and clear drone legislatures. In providing a differential trend to other reviews, this paper is not limited to drones zoning and regulations, but also, discuss on trend remote sensing drones specification in designing a drone zones. Remote sensing drone will specific according to their features and performances; size and endurance, maximum airspeed and altitude level and particular references are made to the drones range. The implementation of laws zoning could lie with the urban planners whereby, a zoning for drone could become a new tactic used to specify areas, where drones could be used, will provide remedies for the harm that arise from drones, and act as a different against irresponsible behaviour. Finally, underlines the need for next regulations on guidelines and standards which can be used as a guidance for urban decision makers to control the drones' operating, thus ensuring a quality and sustainability of resilience cities simultaneously encouraging the revolution of technology

FILTERING TECHNIQUES ON ANALYSIS OF ARCHEOLOGY AREAS USING RADARSAT IMAGES: CASE STUDY OF LEMBAH BUJANG, MALAYSIA

Speckle noise present in radar imagery caused by interaction of out –of-phase waves with a target, the objective of this paper is attempt to test filtering techniques consist of Lee, Frost and Gamma Map to identify a potential shrines area in Lembah Bujang using RADARSAT imageries. The multi-temporal images of RADARSAT for years 2003 and 2014 have been used filtering techniques in identifying potential shrines consist of have been used and tested to selected study areas with using processing software of ENVI 4.8 and ArcGIS 10.2. Based on mathematical morphology, the speckles in these images were reduced, once the reduction is achieved, the enhancement of archaeological sites is accomplished. The finding shows that Local Adaptive Filtering on GAMMA Map filter is the best techniques in identifying potential shrines areas at once as guidance to pursuing an area as official gazette historical site in Malaysia context