Sexuality education in Japanese medical schools

This is the first study on sexuality education in Japanese medical schools. <div><br></div

Patient characteristics.

<p>Abbreviations: PSA is prostate-specific antigen; TZ is transition zone; IPSS is International Prostate Symptom Score; QOL is Quality of Life score: OABSS is Overactive Bladder Symptom Score</p><p>Patient characteristics.</p

Multiple regression analysis for the improvement of the storage symptoms.

<p>Multiple regression analysis for the improvement of the storage symptoms.</p

Bladder blood flow measured by LDF.

<p>Every region of the bladder including left wall, right wall, and bladder trigone showed a significant increase in blood flow as measured by LDF. *: p<0.001 Student’s t-test</p

Longitudinal change in IPSS (A), QOL score (B), and OABSS (C).

<p>There was significant improvement 1 week after surgery (*: p<0.05 Dunnett's test, compared with baseline). Note that the improvement of the OABSS is slower than the IPSS score.</p

The improvement rate of IPSS and OABSS.

<p>(A) shows the improvement rate of storage symptoms in IPSS for both the increased perfusion group and the no change group. (B) shows the improvement rate of OABSS storage symptoms for the increased perfusion group and the no change group.*: p<0.001 Student’s t-test</p

Change in individual parameters before and after HoLEP.

<p>Data are derived from the Wilcoxon’s signed rank test</p><p>Change in individual parameters before and after HoLEP.</p

Laser Doppler flowmeter (LDF; OMEGA FLOW FLO-C1 BV, OMEGAWAVE, Tokyo, Japan).

<p>1A: LDF employs a beam of low intensity monochromatic infrared light emitted from a laser diode within the flowmeter to measure the real-time micro-perfusion rate at tissue depths of 1 mm. B: The probe is placed a few mm away from the bladder mucosa while the bladder is filled with 150 ml saline at room temperature.</p

The change in voided volume.

<p>The change in voided volume is shown before and after surgery for both the increased perfusion group and the no change group. *: p<0.0001 Student’s t-test</p

PGAM enzymatic activity assays in vitro and in vivo.

<p>(A) Lysates of cells overexpressing PGAM1 or PGAM4 were compared using untransfected COS7 cells and cells transfected with empty pcDNA3.1+ as controls. (B) Lysates from cells overexpressing PGAM4 or PGAM4 Trp25Cys (W25C) were compared with control lysates. Equal amounts of overexpressed PGAM4 and PGAM4 with the SNP were confirmed by immunoblotting using anti-PGAM4 antibodies. (C) The supernatant and precipitated proteins that were separated from the fresh ejaculated spermatozoa of a fertile man were examined to determine the hydrophilicity of the enzyme. (D) Frozen spermatozoa from infertile men with the Trp25Cys SNP and those without the SNP. The seminal sperm densities for patients 1 to 3 were 39, 18 and 70 million/mL, respectively, and the motility levels were 35%, 30% and 2%, respectively. The mean seminal sperm density of patients without the Trp25Cys SNP was 41 million/mL and the mean motility level was 60%. **p<0.01. ***<i>p</i><0.001. The experiments for PGAM1 and 4 in vitro enzymatic activity assays were performed independently 8 times. The PGAM enzymatic activities of spermatozoa were measured 3 times repeatedly by each sample and the averaged value were defined as individual enzymatic activity. Bars represent averages and standard deviations.</p