Managing Central?Local Relations During Socialist Marketisation

Summaries In the early years of reform, the reduction of the party's power took place alongside decentralisation; since 1993, however, party leadership has been reinforced as part of the measures to strengthen central control. While marketisation has sharpened contradictions between socialism and the market economy, a paradoxical situation has emerged in which the party organisation has been called upon to assist in the smooth management of the market economy. The key issue was how to enforce discipline among the localities and economic and financial institutions in the transition. Establishing a vertical leadership system of the party at the core of the market economy, namely, its financial system, can be seen as a modern Chinese way of resolving the contradiction between socialism and market economy

Rise of China and Its Neighborhood Diplomacy - Implications for Japanese foreign policy (Japanese)

The rise of China and its relations with neighboring countries are currently complex. There is no question that rapid economic growth has improved the overall standard of living of the Chinese people and the international status of China. Although it is true that these factors have provided the basis for the legitimacy of the autocratic regime of the Chinese Communist Party along with basic social stability, economic growth has reached a turning point, and there is growing evidence of unrest in Chinese society. Nevertheless, growth in China is still higher than in other countries and unless political unrest develops, the presence of China in the world and the region will continue to rise. It is also easy to anticipate that China will become cautious of fears about its power, and will try to maintain a cooperative diplomatic attitude that emphasizes peaceful growth. At the same time, however, China is pursuing military expansion and has not altered its hard-line stance on specific disputes with other nations. Chinese domestic and foreign policies are closely linked, and like other countries, the more worrisome its domestic situation becomes, the more resolute it will need to be in its international relationships. Given these circumstances, Japan faces the following tasks in its diplomacy, to attenuate risks and benefit from China's rise: 1) Involvement in spontaneous social development in China and support for the security of the people; 2) Construction of a democratic regional regime in East Asia; 3) Promotion of military confidence-building with China and maintenance of security cooperation between Japan and the United States; and 4) Facilitation of dialogue and exchanges for mutual understanding between Japan and China.

T1DM complication in continuous insulin

To evaluate whether continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion attenuates the progression of diabetic complications, we retrospectively extracted data from 35 individuals who had developed type 1 diabetes mellitus aged ≤20 years and whose treatment had been changed from multiple daily injections to continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion. The annual changes in estimated glomerular filtration rate, urinary albumin excretion rate, carotid intima-media thickness and brachial-ankle pulse wave velocity during each treatment period were calculated. Although mean glycated hemoglobin under the continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion treatment was lower than that under the multiple daily injection treatment, there were no significant differences in annual changes in diabetic nephropathy and atherosclerosis between the two treatment periods. This pilot study showed that, in Japanese patients with juvenile-onset type 1 diabetes mellitus, there was no significant difference in the progression of diabetic nephropathy and atherosclerosis, at least in the early stage, between the two treatments