Anti-Salmonella activity of metabolites from African soldier termites, Macrotermes bellicosus

Background: The global emergence and rapid dissemination of multidrug resistant Salmonella strains necessitate research to find new antimicrobials that will effectively be used against these pathogens. In the present study, anti-Salmonella activity of metabolites from African Soldier Termites, Macrotermes bellicosus was demonstrated and subsequently compared with a potent antibiotic, ciprofloxacin.Materials and Methods: N-hexane, ethylacetate, methanol and aqueous extracts of metabolites from the M. bellicosus were assayed for anti-Salmonella activity using the agar dilution method in the determination of the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC). The inhibitory activities of the extracts were compared to ciprofloxacin (256μg/ml). Also, the bioactive components of the extracts were determined using standard techniques.Results: At 4000 μg/ml, N-hexane extract inhibited the growth of Salmonella Typhi, S. Paratyphi A, B and C while ethylacetate extract was able to inhibit S. Paratyphi A and C. Methanolic and aqueous extracts at the same concentration were unable to inhibit these strains of Salmonella. Furthermore, our findings revealed that the MIC of ethylacetate extract was 2000μg/ml for S. Paratyphi A and B, 250μg/ml for S. Typhi, and 125μg/ml for S. Paratyphi C. Also, the MIC of hexane extract was 4000μg/ml for S. Paratyphi B, 2000 μg/ml for S. Paratyphi C, 500μg/ml for S. Typhi and 250μg/ml for S. Paratyphi A respectively. The screening of bioactive components revealed the presence of cardiac glycosides and alkaloids.Conclusion: Our results provide evidence of anti-Salmonella action of metabolites from African Soldier Termites, M. bellicosus. N-hexane and ethylacetate extracts of M. bellicosus may be explored as novel antimicrobials for the treatment of typhoid and paratyphoid fevers thereby reducing the pressure exerted on available antibiotics.Keywords: Salmonella, antimicrobials, insects, extract

Seroprevalence of Herpes Simplex Virus Type 2 among female sex workers in Federal Capital Territory, Nigeria

Herpes Simplex Virus type 2 (HSV-2) has public health importance as a leading cause of genital ulcers, which also facilitate human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) acquisition and transmission by over two-fold or more. This study sought to determine the seroprevalence of HSV-2, and to evaluate the relationship between HSV-2 infection and sociodemographic factors of female sex workers (FSWs) in Federal Capital Territory (FCT), Nigeria.This cross-sectional study involved 200 FSWs and was carried out with structured questionnaires for sociodemographic and behavioral information and laboratory tests for HSV-2 IgG antibodies using HerpeSelect ELISA.Overall HSV-2 seroprevalence was 37.5%, with higher prevalence of 42.4% and 40.3 % among FSWs in Garki II and Wuse II while those residing in Brothel/Hotel also had the highest seroprevalence of 40.0%. There was no significance difference (P>0.05) in the prevalence of HVS-2 with respect to location and place of residence. With regards to the level of education and marital status, FSWs who cannot read and write, and those that are Single/cohabit had the highest prevalence of 76.5% and 39.6% respectively. HSV-2 seroprevalence increased with age, duration in commercial sex work, number of clients and non-usage of condom.With the influx of FSWs in the study area and increasing evidence that HSV-2 infection has a synergistic activity on acquiring HIV infection, targeted public health awareness campaigns and good health–seeking behavior on noticing genital rashes, urethral discharges, and vaginal discharges are recommended among the studied population.Keywords: Herpes Simplex Virus type 2, Female Sex Worker, seroprevalence, condom, Nigeri