Subject characteristics according to overtime work hours.

<p>Data are adjusted for age and sex, and presented as mean ± standard error unless otherwise specified.</p><p>*P for trend was obtained from linear regression for continuous variables, or from logistic regression for categorical variables. by assigning 23, 62, 90, and 100 to categories of overtime work.</p>†<p>n = 33,807 in one company.</p>‡<p>Defined as ≥150 min per week.</p

Odds ratio (OR) and 95% confidence interval of diabetes^* according to overtime work hours.

<p>Abbreviations: OR, odds ratio; Ref, reference.</p><p>*Defined as fasting glucose ≥126 mg/dL (7.0 mmol/l), HbA1c ≥6.5% (48 mmol/mol), or current use of anti-diabetic drug.</p>†<p><i>P</i> for quadratic trend obtained from multiple logistic regression analysis by assigning 23, 62, 90, and 100 to categories of overtime work.</p>‡<p>Model 1 adjusted for age (continuous), sex, and company in 4 companies (n = 40,861).</p>§<p>Model 2 adjusted for factors in model 1 and smoking status (never, past, or current) in 4 companies (n = 40,861).</p>||<p>Model 3 adjusted for factors in model 2 and body mass index (kg/m², continuous) in 4 companies (n = 40,861).</p>¶<p>Model 1 adjusted for age (continuous) and sex in 1 company (n = 33,807).</p><p>**Model 2 adjusted for factors in model 1 plus smoking status (never, past, or current), body mass index (kg/m², continuous), alcohol use (non-drinker, drinker consuming >0 to <23 g, 23 to <46 g, or ≥46 g of ethanol per day), family history of diabetes (yes or no), shift work (yes or no), department (field work or non-field work), and job position (high or low) in 1 company (n = 33,807).</p>††<p>Model 3 adjusted for factors in model 2 and sleep duration (<6 hours, 6 to <7 hours, or ≥7 hours per day) in 1 company (n = 33,807).</p>‡‡<p>Model 4 adjusted for factors in model 3 and leisure time physical activity (<150 min or ≥150 min per week) in 1 company (n = 33,807).</p

Odds ratio with 95% confidence interval of diabetes according to overtime work hours stratified by participant characteristics.

<p>Abbreviations: BMI, body mass index; Ref, reference.</p><p>*<i>P</i> for trend obtained from multiple logistic regression analysis by assigning 23, 62, 90, and 100 to categories of overtime work.</p>†<p>Adjusted for age (continuous), sex, company, smoking status (never, past, or current), and BMI (kg/m², continuous) in 4 companies (n = 41,081).</p>‡<p>48 women in 1 company were excluded in this analysis due to no diabetic patients.</p>§<p>Adjusted for age (continuous), sex, company, smoking status (never, past, or current), BMI (kg/m², continuous), alcohol use (non-drinker, drinker consuming >0 to <23 g, 23 to <46 g, or ≥46 g of ethanol per day), sleep duration (<6 hours, 6 to <7 hours, or ≥7 hours per day), physical activity (<150 min or ≥150 min per week), family history of diabetes (yes or no), shift work (yes or no), department (field work or non-field work), and job position (high or low) in 1 company (n = 33,807).</p

Baseline characteristics of study subjects in the derivation and validation cohorts.

<p>Abbreviations: FPG, fasting plasma glucose; NGSP, National Glycohemoglobin Standardization Program. Data are mean ± standard deviation unless otherwise indicated.</p><p>^aBased on chi-squared test for categorical variables and student t-test for continuous variables.</p><p>Baseline characteristics of study subjects in the derivation and validation cohorts.</p

Predictive performance of the developed diabetes risk scores.

<p>Abbreviations: FPG, fasting plasma glucose; LR, Likelihood ratio; NPV, Negative predictive value; PPV, positive predictive value; Sens, sensitivity; Spec, specificity; Ydn, Youden index.</p><p>Predictive performance of the developed diabetes risk scores.</p

Adjusted hazard ratios (95% CI) for incidence diabetes according to baseline smoking status.

<p>CI, confidence interval; BMI, body mass index.</p><p>¹Difference in age-adjusted incidence rate per 1000 person-years between never smoker and current or former smoker.</p><p>²Adjusted for age (years), sex, and worksite.</p><p>³Adjusted for all factors in model 1 plus BMI (kg/m²), waist circumference (cm), and hypertension (yes or no).</p><p>⁴Adjusted for all factors in model 2 plus alcohol intake (<23 g ethanol/d or ≥ 23 g ethanol/d), shift work (yes or no), sleeping time (<6 h/d, 6–7 h/d, or ≥7 h/d), leisure-time physical activity (<150 min/wk or ≥150 min/wk), family history of diabetes (yes or no).</p><p>⁵Data were available for 32373 subjects.</p><p>⁶P for interaction for dichotomized variable of BMI (<23 or ≥23 kg/m²) on the association between smoking and type 2 diabetes was based on model 2 and was examined using the likelihood ratio test.</p><p>Adjusted hazard ratios (95% CI) for incidence diabetes according to baseline smoking status.</p

Observed and expected risk for developing type 2 diabetes (%) in each score of expected risk according to prediction models using the non-invasive model and the model including fasting plasma glucose and HbA1c in the derivation cohort; black bars, observed risk; grey bars, expected risk.

<p>Observed and expected risk for developing type 2 diabetes (%) in each score of expected risk according to prediction models using the non-invasive model and the model including fasting plasma glucose and HbA1c in the derivation cohort; black bars, observed risk; grey bars, expected risk.</p

Total point for each risk score and absolute estimated probability (%) of incidence of type 2 diabetes.

<p>Abbreviation: FPG, fasting plasma glucose.</p><p>Total point for each risk score and absolute estimated probability (%) of incidence of type 2 diabetes.</p

Receiver operating characteristics (ROC) curves for each risk score model in predicting type 2 diabetes.

<p>Abbreviation: FPG, fasting plasma glucose. In the delivation cohort, the area under the ROC (95% confidence interval) were 0.717 (0.703–0.731) for the non-invasive model, 0.843 (0.832–0.853) for the model including FPG, 0.827 (0.816–0.838) for the model including HbA1c, and 0.893 (0.883–0.902) for the model including both FPG and HbA1c. In the derivation cohort, the corresponding value were 0.734 (0.715–0.753) for the non-invasive model, 0.835 (0.820–0.851) for the model including FPG, 0.819 (0.803–0.835) for the model including HbA1c, and 0.882 (0.868–0.895) for the model including both FPG and HbA1c.</p

Adjusted hazard ratios (95% CI) for incidence diabetes according to baseline smoking intensity¹.

<p>CI, confidence interval; BMI, body mass index.</p><p>¹Analyses excluded former smoker (n = 8647).</p><p>²Difference in age-adjusted incidence rate per 1000 person-years between never smoker and current smoker.</p><p>³Adjusted for age (years), sex, and worksite.</p><p>⁴Adjusted for all factors in model 1 plus BMI (kg/m²), waist circumference (cm), and hypertension (yes or no).</p><p>⁵P for interaction for dichotomized variable of BMI (<23 or ≥23 kg/m²) on the association between smoking and type 2 diabetes was based on model 2 and was examined using the likelihood ratio test</p><p>Adjusted hazard ratios (95% CI) for incidence diabetes according to baseline smoking intensity<a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0132166#t003fn002" target="_blank">¹</a>.</p