Distribution of PspA familes based on pneumococcal serotypes.

<p>G23: serogroup 23 strains except serotype 23F. Others: serotypes not included in 23 PPV. Each numbers shows numbers of isolates and percentage shows in parenthesis. *<i>p</i><0.05, **<i>p</i><0.01.</p

Distribution of <i>S. pneumoniae</i> serotypes based on their susceptibilities to PCG.

<p>G23: serogroup 23 strains except serotype 23F. PCG: penicillin G. PSSP: penicillin susceptible <i>S. pneumoniae</i>. PISP: penicillin intermediately resistant <i>S. pneumoniae</i>. PRSP: penicillin resistant <i>S. pneumoniae</i>. DRSP: PRSP+PISP. Others: serotypes not included in 23 PPV.</p>*<p>comparison between ≤2 y.o. vs. ≥3 y.o.</p

Distribution of PspA familes based on sex, age and origin of pneumococci.

<p>MEF: middle ear fluid, ND/SA: nasal discharge/sinus aspirate, PS: pharyngeal secretion. Each numbers shows numbers of isolates and percentage shows in parenthesis. There is no significant differences in PspA family distribution based on sex, age and origin of isolates.</p

Distribution of <i>S. pneumoniae</i> serotypes based on their macroride-resistant traits.

<p>G23: serogroup 23 strains except serotype 23F. PCG: penicillin G. PSSP: penicillin susceptible <i>S. pneumoniae</i>. PISP: penicillin intermediately resistant <i>S. pneumoniae</i>. PRSP: penicillin resistant <i>S. pneumoniae</i>. DRSP: PRSP+PISP. Others: serotypes not included in 23 PPV.</p>*<p>comparison between ≤2 y.o. vs. ≥3 y.o.</p

Serotype coverage of pneumococcal vaccine formulas among <i>S. pneumoniae</i> isolates from upper respiratory tract infections in Japan.

<p>DRSP: drug resistant <i>S. pneumoniae</i> (PISP+PRSP). MRSP: macrolide resistant <i>S. pneumoniae</i>.</p

An Application of Outer Membrane Protein P6-Specific Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay for Detection of <i>Haemophilus influenzae</i> in Middle Ear Fluids and Nasopharyngeal Secretions

<div><p>An enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay specific to outer membrane protein P6 (P6-ELISA) was applied for detecting <i>Haemophilus influenzae</i> in middle ear fluids (MEFs) from acute otitis media (AOM) patients and in nasopharyngeal secretions (NPSs) from acute rhinosinusitis patients. P6-ELISA had a sensitivity of 83.3% for MEFs and 71.5% for NPSs and a specificity of 85.6% for MEFs and 92.5% for NPSs, respectively. Real-time PCR exhibited significant differences in the number of <i>ompP1</i> gene copies among samples determined by P6-ELISA to be positive and negative for <i>H. influenzae</i>. However, because the P6-ELISA test has the reactivity in <i>Haemophilus</i> species include two commensals <i>H. haemolyticus</i> and <i>H. parainfluenzae</i>, it is thus a weak method in order to detect only NTHi correctly. Consequently, diagnosis using the P6-ELISA should be based on an overall evaluation, including the results of other related examinations and clinical symptoms to prevent misleading conclusions in clinical setting.</p></div

Positive and negative predicting values resulting from evaluating NPSs to determine the presence of <i>H. influenzae</i> in MEFs.

<p>Positive and negative predicting values resulting from evaluating NPSs to determine the presence of <i>H. influenzae</i> in MEFs.</p

Sensitivity and specificity of the ODK-0901 test for NPSs depending on prior antimicrobial treatment.

<p>Sensitivity and specificity of the ODK-0901 test for NPSs depending on prior antimicrobial treatment.</p

Sensitivity, specificity, positive predicting value, and negative predicting values of P6-ELISA to determine the presence of <i>H. influenzae</i> in MEFs and NPS.

<p>The numbers in a parentheses show the number of samples.</p

Sensitivity and specificity of the ODK-0901 test for MEFs depending on prior antimicrobial treatment.

<p>Sensitivity and specificity of the ODK-0901 test for MEFs depending on prior antimicrobial treatment.</p