Correction: Arimori et al. Association between Lifestyle Factors and Weight Gain among University Students in Japan during COVID-19 Mild Lockdown: A Quantitative Study. <i>Healthcare</i> 2023, <i>11</i>, 2630

In our published publication [...

Root-tip-mediated inhibition of hydrotropism is accompanied with the suppression of asymmetric expression of auxin-inducible genes in response to moisture gradients in cucumber roots

<div><p>In cucumber seedlings, gravitropism interferes with hydrotropism, which results in the nearly complete inhibition of hydrotropism under stationary conditions. However, hydrotropic responses are induced when the gravitropic response in the root is nullified by clinorotation. Columella cells in the root cap sense gravity, which induces the gravitropic response. In this study, we found that removing the root tip induced hydrotropism in cucumber roots under stationary conditions. The application of auxin transport inhibitors to cucumber seedlings under stationary conditions suppressed the hydrotropic response induced by the removal of the root tip. To investigate the expression of genes related to hydrotropism in de-tipped cucumber roots, we conducted transcriptome analysis of gene expression by RNA-Seq using seedlings exhibiting hydrotropic and gravitropic responses. Of the 21 and 45 genes asymmetrically expressed during hydrotropic and gravitropic responses, respectively, five genes were identical. Gene ontology (GO) analysis indicated that the category auxin-inducible genes was significantly enriched among genes that were more highly expressed in the concave side of the root than the convex side during hydrotropic or gravitropic responses. Reverse transcription followed by quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) analysis revealed that root hydrotropism induced under stationary conditions (by removing the root tip) was accompanied by the asymmetric expression of several auxin-inducible genes. However, intact roots did not exhibit the asymmetric expression patterns of auxin-inducible genes under stationary conditions, even in the presence of a moisture gradient. These results suggest that the root tip inhibits hydrotropism by suppressing the induction of asymmetric auxin distribution. Auxin transport and distribution not mediated by the root tip might play a role in hydrotropism in cucumber roots.</p></div

Asymmetrically expressed genes in cucumber roots exposed to moisture gradients, as determined by RNA-Seq.

<p>Asymmetrically expressed genes in cucumber roots exposed to moisture gradients, as determined by RNA-Seq.</p

Effects of root tip removal on the expression of asymmetrically expressed genes during hydrotropism in intact cucumber roots.

<p>Roots in which the root tip was either not removed (Intact) or removed (De-tipped) were exposed to a moisture gradient induced by K₂CO₃ under stationary conditions for 4 h and cut in half, RNA was isolated from the wet side and the dry side. Each data point represents the mean ± SD of three independent RT-qPCR experiments. Statistically significant differences in relative expression levels between the wet and dry sides (determined by Student’s <i>t</i> test) are indicated by single (<i>P</i><0.05) and double (<i>P</i><0.01) asterisks.</p

Expression of asymmetrically expressed genes in gravitropically bending cucumber roots.

<p>FPKM (Fragments Per Kilobase of transcript per Million mapped reads) values representing mRNA levels from RNA-Seq (left) and relative expression levels from RT-qPCR (right) of <i>CsIAA1(12)</i>, <i>CsIAA24</i>, <i>CsPID</i>, <i>CsGH3</i>.<i>5</i>, and <i>CsSAUR9</i> are shown. The roots of 24-h-old cucumber seedlings grown in a vertical position (24-h-old), seedlings placed in a vertical position for 1 h, and seedlings placed in a horizontal position for 1 h were cut in half, and RNA was isolated from the left/lower side and right/upper side. For the RNA-Seq results, a single asterisk indicates asymmetric gene expression (<i>Q</i>-value <0.05). For RT-qPCR, each data point represents the mean ± SD of three independent experiments. Statistically significant differences between the left/lower side and the right/upper side (determined by Student’s <i>t</i> test) are indicated by single (<i>P</i><0.05) and double (<i>P</i><0.01) asterisks.</p

RT-qPCR to examine the auxin-inducible expression of asymmetrically expressed genes during hydrotropism and/or gravitropism in cucumber roots.

<p>Root segments excised from cucumber seedlings (No treatment), root segments from which auxin was depleted for 2 h (After auxin starvation), and root segments that were continuously treated for 2 h with the indicated concentration of auxin were subjected to gene expression analysis. Each data point represents the mean ± SD of three independent experiments. Different letters indicate statistically significant differences in relative expression levels (<i>P</i><0.05), which were analyzed by one-way ANOVA and Tukey HSD tests.</p

Expression of asymmetrically expressed genes in hydrotropically bending cucumber roots.

<p>FPKM (Fragments Per Kilobase of transcript per Million mapped reads) values representing mRNA levels from RNA-Seq (left) and relative expression levels from RT-qPCR (right) of <i>CsIAA1(12)</i>, <i>CsIAA24</i>, <i>CsPID</i>, <i>CsNRT</i>, and <i>Agglutinin-like</i> (Csa6M085120) are shown. Roots of 18-h-old cucumber seedlings grown in a vertical position (18 h), roots from 22-h-old cucumber seedlings exposed to a moisture gradient for 4 h induced by K₂CO₃ (K₂CO₃), and roots of 22-h-old cucumber seedlings incubated for 4 h under H₂O-saturated conditions (H₂O) were cut in half to produce the wet/water-absorbent plastic foam side and the dry/air side and used for RNA isolation. When the roots were exposed to a moisture gradient or incubated under H₂O-saturated conditions, the seedlings were either under stationary conditions (stationary) or in a 3D clinostat (3D clinostat). After the roots incubated under H₂O-saturated conditions were placed in a 3D clinostat, roots that bent to either the water-absorbent plastic foam side or the air side were separately harvested, and RNA samples were independently isolated. For the RNA-Seq results, a single asterisk indicates asymmetric gene expression (<i>Q</i>-value <0.05). For RT-qPCR, each data point represents the mean ± SD of five independent experiments. Statistically significant differences between the wet/water-absorbent plastic foam side and the dry/air side (determined by Student’s <i>t</i> test) are indicated by single (<i>P</i><0.05) and double (<i>P</i><0.01) asterisks.</p

Asymmetrically expressed genes in gravitropic bending cucumber roots, as determined by RNA-Seq.

<p>Asymmetrically expressed genes in gravitropic bending cucumber roots, as determined by RNA-Seq.</p

レノックス・ガストー症候群の転倒発作に対する脳梁離断術の効果

出版社版転倒発作を抑制することを目的として脳梁離断術を行った潜因性レノックス・ガストー症候群の2症例について報告した。症例1は特別支援学校中等部に通学中の15歳の女子であり、幼児期より知的に遅れがあり、6歳時よりてんかんを発症した。14歳時に全脳梁離断術を受けた。症例2は特別支援学校中等部に通学中の13歳の男子で、3歳時に強直発作を起こしてんかんを発症した。8歳時に全脳梁離断術を受けた。症例1は脱力発作に伴い転倒することが多く、このような転倒発作は脳梁離断術後に完全に消失した。しかし、症例2は強直発作に伴い転倒することが多く、脳梁離断術後も転倒発作の頻度は減少しなかった。脳梁離断術の効果はてんかん発作型により異なり、脱力発作に対して最も効果的であることが示唆された。また、この事実はレノックス・ガストー症候群で見られる全般発作における脳梁の果たす役割が、発作型により異なるということを示していると考えられた