Relationship between Financial Leverage and Financial Performance: Evidence from Fuel & Energy Sector of Pakistan

Fuel and energy sector serves as the backbone of the economy. The segment provides support, not only for the economic development of the country by showing positive trends towards the sectoral growth, but also serves as a steering wheel for the growth of manufacturing, trading and service sector. It provides significant inputs for production, trade and service. A general concept prevails that the financial leverage is helpful to enhance the financial performance of the companies. For measuring the impact of financial leverage on the financial health of the companies, it is essential to know whether a positive relationship exists between the financial leverage and financial performance or not? So, this study is intended to test the hypothesis and to measure a relationship between the financial leverage and the financial performance of the fuel and energy sector in Pakistan. The paper also examines the generalization that firms with higher profitability may choose high leverage by using various statistical tools. The findings of the study show a positive relationship between the financial leverage and the financial performance of the companies by accepting the alternate hypothesis H1 and Ho is rejected. The results of the study confirm that the firms having higher profitability may improve their financial performance by having high levels of financial leverage. The study provides evidence by evaluating different facts. It reveals that the players of the fuel and energy in Pakistan can improve at their financial performance by employing the financial leverage and can arrive at a sustainable future growth by making vital decisions about the choice of their optimal capital structure.   Key Words: Financial leverage, Firms’ Performance, Key Indicators- Financial Ratios, Fuel and Energy Sector in Pakistan

An Introduction to Graphene Materials

Graphene, an allotrope of carbon, is the thinnest compound known to human which is a single layer (monolayer) of carbon atoms, tightly bound in a hexagonal honeycomb lattice. Nanosize graphene is known to possess large surface area and shows promising properties in terms of mechanical, electrical, chemical, and magnetism. Graphene and its derivatives are an exciting replacement for the existing nanomaterials, and so, graphene is discovered to be useful in the application of energy conversion and storage, sensing, electronics, photonics, and biomedicine. In this introductory chapter, the potential implementation of graphene and its nanocomposites, along with the characterization techniques employed for graphene, is briefly discussed. We hope this review can inspire more innovative insights into this emerging topic in energy materials

Designing a Cloud Analytics Service Framework for Mobile Advertisement and Marketing: A Review

If we talk about data earlier, it was not much larger and complicated because earlier the use of internet and technologies were not in use as it is in current days. Nowadays large amount of data is generated in every second, that’s why Cloud environment became very challenging because of its popularity with the communication, networking and storage theorizes [5]. Today our modern era is significantly dependent on Internet and Mobile applications. Today’s generation prefer to communicate with each other virtually rather than meeting with each other face to face so they use many mobile application or online application for communication using internet and technologies. Survey statics shows that mobile advertisement is rapidly growing that majorly focuses on marketing. In this paper we have surveyed different scenarios of mobile advertisement and marketing that how different methods, algorithm and approaches is being used for mobile advertisement and marketing

Tailoring structural and optical properties of ZnO system through elemental Mn Doping through First-principles calculations

In this study, band structure and optical properties of Manganese (Mn) doped ZnO are investigated adopting first-principles study calculations. It is observed that, by addition of Mn in ZnO crystal, the electrical properties like conductivity and dielectric function of material have been improved. The elastic constants for the elements are also calculated which shows that the element is stable after addition of dopant. The computational study is done on CASTEP and Material Studio. The ZnO system is simulated and atoms of Mn has been added replacing Zn atoms. The properties that studied are band structure and optics including conductivity, reflectivity, dielectric function, absorption and refractive index. Furthermore, this study also includes calculation of Elastic constants, XRD Spectra, Phonon dispersion and Temperature profile of doped ZnO systems. The computational study produced promising results and experimental approach can be adopted to reinforce the outcomes of this study.</p

Risk Factors Leading to Meconium Aspiration Syndrome in Meconium-Stained Amniotic Fluid

OBJECTIVES This study aimed to find out the risk factors leading to meconium aspiration syndrome in patients having meconium-stained amniotic fluid. METHODOLOGY This comparative study was conducted in the department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology at Hayatabad Medical Complex from January 2022- June 2022. All patients admitted to the labour ward with the diagnosis of meconium-stained liquor (MSL) were included in the study through a convenient sampling technique. Patients were divided into two groups, group 1 having only meconium-stained amniotic fluid (MSAF) without meconium aspiration syndrome while group 2 having babies with the diagnosis of meconium aspiration syndrome (MAS). Both groups were compared for different risk factors for the development of MAS. Differences in the risk factors between the two groups were analyzed using Pearson’s correlation with a p-value of &lt;0.05 considered significant. SPSS vs 20 was used for statistical analysis. RESULTS 84 patients were included in the study, i.e., 61 in group 1 and 23 in group 2. The mean age of the patients was 25± 3.45. The frequency of meconium-stained amniotic fluid was 3.83%. Meconium aspiration syndrome developed in 23 babies out of 84 MSAF deliveries (27.38%). Low APGAR score (&lt; 0.00), patients handled outside the hospital (&lt;0.001) and prolonged second stage (0.003) were significant risk factors for the development of MAS. CONCLUSION In the prolonged second stage, patients handled outside the hospital by unauthorized personnel and low APGAR score at birth were statistically significant risk factors for developing meconium aspiration syndrome

PRIMARY MALIGNANT MELANOMA UTERINE CERVIX

A 40-year-old premenopausal female presented with foul-smelling per vaginal discharge for 3 months. Diagnostic work revealed a locally advanced primary malignant melanoma of uterine cervix. The patient declined pelvic surgery and was treated with Dacarbazine. Malignant melanoma is a rare tumour of skin and has been ranked in the top ve cancers of Australia and Sweden. It is a tumour of melanocytes which forms melanin pigment in the skin. In men, the most common site is trunk while in females common site is limbs. However, melanoma can arise from mucosal surfaces where the melanocytes are present. Most common mucosal sites are head and neck followed by female genital tract. Key words: Cervix, dacarbazine, malignant melanoma