The innate immune response during acute urinary tract infections; an overview

The components of immune system are specific (adaptive immunity) and non-specific (innate immunity). Regardless of antigenic properties, the non-specific components function either as eliminators or barriers of wide range of pathogens. A person is born with innate immunity as the natural resistances, which has three kinds; anatomic mechanical and biochemical factors. The resistances are provided by innate immunity via various chemical, cellular and physical approaches. The colonization, entry and spread of microorganisms can be prevented by innate immunity. Two main sub-divided types of adaptive immunity are humeral and cellular. Active immunity resulting from the development of antibodies in response to the presence of an antigen is a long-term and acquired immunity. This review article summarizes some important potential mechanisms in innate immune system. The host renal tract which has been investigated from many aspects of the pathogenesis of urinary tract infection (UTI) are still poorly defined and require a better understanding of the pathophysiology immune system

Comparison of three primer pairs included: novel primers IS711, universal primers B4 - B5 and 16SrRNA in the diagnosis of human brucellosis in suspected patients in Iran

The genus Brucella is a worldwide distributed intracellular bacteria, which infects animals and human. Currently, this zoonosis has been diagnosed by microbiological and serological laboratory tests. Different PCR protocols with various primer pairs and different target genes have been published for the detection of Brucella, but only a few of these primers have been used in human samples. This study aimed to evaluate and compare the sensitivity and specificity of three primer pairs in the PCR technique, each of which separately amplifies three different regions in the Brucella genome, to determine which are more comfortable for the detecting of Brucella DNA in human clinical samples. 49 clinical serum samples were isolated from suspected patients in different cities in Iran from October 2017 to July 2018. The suspected patients with brucellosis-compatible symptoms were checked. These primers amplified 3 distinctive fragments in BCSP 31 gene (B4/B5), Designed IS711 primers, and a sequence of 16SrRNA of Brucella melitensis. The results showed that the B4/B5 primer pair had the highest sensitivity and specificity for the detection of both positive and negative samples (100%). The designed IS711 primer pair detected 94% of samples, whereas the 16SrRNA primer pair was the least sensitivity, being able to detect only 30.64% of samples. The specificity of 3 techniques was 100%. The B4/B5 primers were able to detect the smallest number of bacteria 0.05 CFU/reaction whereas IS711 was able to detect 2 CFU/reaction and 16SrRNA was able to detect 2×105 CFU/reaction. &nbsp

Epidemiological, Clinical and Laboratory characteristics of acute disseminated encephalomyelitis in children: a retrospective study

We aimed to study the precipitating factors, demographic data, clinical and radiological manifestations, electroencephalography and laboratory findings, as well as association with infections, immunization and incidence of relapse of acute disseminated encephalomyelitis (ADEM) in children admitted to Mofid Children Hospital, Tehran, Iran from Mar 2013 to Mar 2016.Materials & MethodsA 3-yr retrospective review of 29 children with definite final diagnosis of ADEM in Mofid Hospital in Tehran, Iran was performed. The diagnosis was based on specified criteria, including a presumed acute demyelinating process with no history of unexplained neurological symptoms and at least one demyelinating lesion shown on magnetic resonance imaging without evidence of previous destructive white matter lesions.ResultsOverall, 29 children diagnosed as ADEM were studied in terms of demographic characteristics, clinical manifestations and laboratory findings in two groups according to their recurrence. The mean age of the patients with recurrence was less than those without it were. It was more common in females but the difference was not statistically meaningful. There was no relationship between the season of the first episode of the disease and the recurrence incidence. Moreover, the relationship between viral infections and recurrence was statistically non-meaningful. No relationship between the recurrence of ADEM and clinical manifestations, radiological and laboratory findings was found.ConclusionThe reason for high rate of recurrence in our patients may be related to the younger age of children in our study.

Thermoacidophilic bacteria isolated from Sarcheshmeh low-grade copper ore in chalcopyrite bioleaching from mineral tailing

This research has focused on isolating and identifying different thermoacidophilic bacteria from a Sarcheshmeh low-grade copper ore and evaluating their ability of copper bioleaching from the mineral tailing. After the isolation of the bacteria, molecular identification was carried out based on the 16S rRNA gene sequences and drawing the phylogenetic tree. Then, the effect of the pH, pulp density, and composition of the media on the copper bioleaching was determined using the identified bacteria. The isolated strain (Strain SCM1) belonged to Delftia acidovorans with a 95.73% of identity. The optimal condition for the copper bioleaching was reported in a medium consisting of sulfur (10 g/L), glucose (10 g/L), yeast extract (2 g/L), and mineral tailing (5% wt/vol) at the pH of 2.00 at 50°C. Under this condition, the highest amount of copper (83%) was bioleached. It proves that the lately isolated strain can be effectively employed in the copper bioleaching process

Pyocyanine Biosynthetic Genes in Clinical and Environmental Isolates of Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Detection of Pyocyanine’s Antimicrobial Effects with or without Colloidal Silver Nanoparticles

Objective: Pyocyanine plays an important role in the pathogenesis of Pseudomonas aeruginosa, (P. aeruginosa) and is known to have inhibitory and bactericidal effects. This study has aimed to detect the phenazine biosynthetic operon (phz ABCDEFG) and two phenazine modifying genes (phzM and phzS) by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and detection of its possible protein bands by sodium dodecyl sulfate - polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE). The antimicrobial effects of pyocyanine alone and mixed with colloidal silver nanoparticles were studied.Materials and Methods: In this descriptive study, clinical and environmental species of P. aeruginosa were isolated by thioglycollate medium culture and cetrimide agar, respectively. The existence of a phenazine biosynthetic operon and two phenazine modifying genes as well as their protein products were confirmed by PCR and SDS-PAGE, respectively. Pyocyanine was extracted with chloroform and its antimicrobial effects against bacteria such as; Escherichia coli (E. coli), P. aeruginosaand Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) bacteria and yeast Candida albicans (C. albicans) were tested using well, spot and disk diffusion methods.Results: In this study, 3 out of 48 clinical strains were unable to produce pyocyanine on cetrimide and Mueller Hinton (MH) agar. Two strains did not have phenazine modifying gene bands. Another strain did not have the possible protein band of the phzM gene. Pyocyanine had antimicrobial effects against the microbial strains, which increased in the presence of silver nanoparticles.Conclusion: According to the results of the present study, some P. aeruginosa strains are unable to produce pyocyanine due to the absence of the phzM or phzS genes. Therefore, these genes have an important role in pyocyanine production in P. aeruginosa. Pyocyanine shows synergistic antimicrobial effects in the presence of silver nanoparticles against microbial strains

Biological control of Pythium ultimum and Fusarium solani by indigenous strains Bacillus subtilis

Introduction: Different Bacillus subtilis products of secondary metabolits include iturin lipopeptids, that may control plant disease effectively. The aim of this study was to investigate the antifungal activity of Indigenous strains Bacillus subtilis against plant pathogenic fungi Pythium ultimum and Fusarium solani. Materials and methods: Seven soil samples were collected and B. subtilis were isolated from each soil sample. The isolates were screened by antifungal activity. Best strains were identified by 16srDNA sequence. The culture conditions were optimized for the best production of antifungal metabolites. The bacterial metabolites were then obtained from 4 days grown isolates, purified and were confirmed iturin existence by chromatography method. The iturin A (Sigma) was used as standards. Results: Totaly, 91 strains were isolated from soil samples, 23 spp were confirmed as B. subtilis by morphological and biochemical features. In subsequent experiments, two strains 48 and 83 showed the greatest activity against the Pythium ultimum and Fusarium solani respectively. 16srDNA sequence analyses for selected isolates confirmed 100% similarity to B. subtilis. Then nutrient broth with carbon and nitrogen sources glucose, yeast extract, neutral pH and 30⁰c incubation temperature were optimized for best production. The HPLC results showed the best productivity of iturin A for two isolates B. subtilis by comparing peaks and retention times between iturin A (Sigma) and native strains. Discussion and conclusion: Iranian native strains also have the ability to produce antifungal metabolites. Therefore, this strain can be a good candidate for biological control of plant pathogenic fungi and an alternative for chemical fungicides

Isolation, biochemical and molecular identification and investigation of probiotic potential of chicken intestine Bifidobacteria in rural areas of Ardabil province

Background and Objective: More than a century after discovering probiotic strains, the food and dairy industries are increasingly looking to improve their products with these beneficial bacteria. This study aimed to analyze the potential characteristics of Iranian native probiotics and evaluate the safety of native probiotic Bifidobacterium isolated from the intestines of local chickens to discover the production potential of additives for food and dairy industries and feed. Materials and Methods: After sampling and preparing serial dilution, the samples were identified using biochemical tests. To confirm probiotics, growth ability was performed at different pHs, dilutions of bile salts and NaCl, isolated antimicrobial activity against common pathogens, and antibiotics susceptibility. Finally, the optimal strains were identified by molecular methods. Results: Four strains of the 15 gram-positive catalase-negative strains were biochemically similar to Bifidobacterium. Themes grew at PH 3-9 and different concentrations of bile salt and NaCl. These bacteria also had antimicrobial activity against common pathogens and were resistant to many antibiotics. Strains E1 and E4 had better probiotic properties. Finally, the molecular test showed that strains E1 and E4 were 100% similar to Bifidobacterium animalis and Bifidobacterium langum, respectively. Conclusions: The intestines of local chickens in Ardabil province contain probiotic bacteria such as Bifidobacterium animalis and Bifidobacterium langum. Therefore, these bacteria can be used in the food and dairy industries and improve livestock and poultry fee

Pathotyping of Escherichia coli Isolated from Inlets to Tehran Water Treatment Plants

Water borne infections are of great importance for public health due to the role of water in the transmission of pathogens which cause gastrointestinal diseases. Traditional methods based on culture media commonly used for the identification of E. coli are not only time-consuming but fail to detect certain pathotypes of E. coli as well. To overcome these shortcomings, molecular methods were employed in the present study for the rapid and specific determination of E. coli pathotypes. For this purpose, 978 water samples were collected during the period from September 2012 to September 2013 and 106 E. coli strains were selected using multistep biochemical and molecular screening (tetraplex PCR) method. Virulogenes were determined by designing specific primers and developing efficient protocols. While it was shown that water has a great cabapility for transmiting pathogenic microorganisms, the results revealed that 10 strains contained the est, elt, and eaeA genes; five contained the bfpA gene; four contained the pCVD and ipaH genes; three contained the VT1 and VT2 genes; and finally one starin contained the cnf1 and cnf2 genes. It was also found that molecular methods based on our newly designed primers are sensitive, specific, and rapid protocols for pathotyping of Escherichia coli