Super-Poissonian shot noise of squeezed-magnon mediated spin transport

The magnetization of a ferromagnet (F) driven out of equilibrium injects pure spin current into an adjacent conductor (N). Such F$|$N bilayers have become basic building blocks in a wide variety of spin based devices. We evaluate the shot noise of the spin current traversing the F$|$N interface when F is subjected to a coherent microwave drive. We find that the noise spectrum is frequency independent up to the drive frequency, and increases linearly with frequency thereafter. The low frequency noise indicates super-Poissonian spin transfer, which results from quasi-particles with effective spin $\hbar^* = \hbar (1 + \delta)$. For typical ferromagnetic thin films, $\delta \sim 1$ is related to the dipolar interaction-mediated squeezing of F eigenmodes.Comment: 4 pages, 2 figure

Spin pumping and shot noise in ferrimagnets: bridging ferro- and antiferromagnets

A combination of novel technological and fundamental physics prospects has sparked a huge interest in pure spin transport in magnets, starting with ferromagnets and spreading to antiferro- and ferrimagnets. We present a theoretical study of spin transport across a ferrimagnet$|$non-magnetic conductor interface, when a magnetic eigenmode is driven into a coherent state. The obtained spin current expression includes intra- as well as cross-sublattice terms, both of which are essential for a quantitative understanding of spin-pumping. The dc current is found to be sensitive to the asymmetry in interfacial coupling between the two sublattice magnetizations and the mobile electrons, especially for antiferromagnets. We further find that the concomitant shot noise provides a useful tool for probing the quasiparticle spin and interfacial coupling.Comment: 4 pages + supplementary materia

Magnon-mediated spin current noise in ferromagnet∣|non-magnetic conductor hybrids

The quantum excitations of the collective magnetization dynamics in a ferromagnet (F) - magnons - enable spin transport without an associated charge current. This pure spin current can be transferred to electrons in an adjacent non-magnetic conductor (N). We evaluate the finite temperature noise of the magnon-mediated spin current injected into N by an adjacent F driven by a coherent microwave field. We find that the dipolar interaction leads to squeezing of the magnon modes giving them wavevector dependent non-integral spin, which directly manifests itself in the shot noise. For temperatures higher than the magnon gap, the thermal noise is dominated by large wavevector magnons which exhibit negligible squeezing. The noise spectrum is white up to the frequency corresponding to the maximum of the temperature or the magnon gap. At larger frequencies, the noise is dominated by vacuum fluctuations. The shot noise is found to be much larger than its thermal counterpart over a broad temperature range, making the former easier to be measured experimentally

Hierarchical Metric Learning for Optical Remote Sensing Scene Categorization

We address the problem of scene classification from optical remote sensing (RS) images based on the paradigm of hierarchical metric learning. Ideally, supervised metric learning strategies learn a projection from a set of training data points so as to minimize intra-class variance while maximizing inter-class separability to the class label space. However, standard metric learning techniques do not incorporate the class interaction information in learning the transformation matrix, which is often considered to be a bottleneck while dealing with fine-grained visual categories. As a remedy, we propose to organize the classes in a hierarchical fashion by exploring their visual similarities and subsequently learn separate distance metric transformations for the classes present at the non-leaf nodes of the tree. We employ an iterative max-margin clustering strategy to obtain the hierarchical organization of the classes. Experiment results obtained on the large-scale NWPU-RESISC45 and the popular UC-Merced datasets demonstrate the efficacy of the proposed hierarchical metric learning based RS scene recognition strategy in comparison to the standard approaches.Comment: Undergoing revision in GRS

Evaluating Responses to Offshore Tax Evasion: A Comparative Analysis of Legislative Reforms in the USA and Canada Post-Panama Papers

Following the revelations from the Panama Papers and other significant leaks, there has been a marked increase in public calls for nations to address tax evasion more effectively. This period has witnessed an unparalleled expansion in global cooperation regarding tax matters, leading to significant strides toward mitigating offshore tax evasion. In this evolving landscape, the focus shifts to North America, where both Canada and the United States have stepped up their efforts to curb tax evasion. They have updated their legal frameworks, enhanced enforcement tactics, and strengthened tax authorities\u27 investigative capabilities. This research delves into the legislative actions taken by the USA and Canada in response to the challenges of offshore tax evasion, employing a comparative analysis to scrutinize the effectiveness and hurdles of these measures. By examining a wide array of sources, including literature, policy documents, and reports, the study aims to evaluate how both countries have revised their tax laws and introduced new strategies to tackle tax evasion. The emphasis will be on assessing the impact of these legislative changes on curbing offshore tax evasion and identifying the challenges in enforcing these laws. This investigation seeks to shed light on the comparative effectiveness of the strategies deployed by the USA and Canada, offering valuable insights into addressing a critical issue in international finance and tax regulation. This paper also provides limitations of the literature evidence for evaluating tax evasion and a research guideline for further work to be performed in this area of study. To enhance the practical understanding of the key points discussed in this thesis, a detailed case study has been prepared and included in Appendix A