Races of Puccinia striiformis f. sp. tritici identified from the coastal areas of Turkey

Stripe rust, caused by Puccinia striiformis f. sp. tritici, is a devastating disease of wheat in Turkey and worldwide. This pathogen can overcome known resistance genes and negatively affect the wheat production. The objectives of this study were to determine the virulence patterns of wheat stripe rust isolates collected from the coastal areas (Aegean and Mediterranean regions) of Turkey, and to examine the genetic diversity of the pathogen populations by simple sequence repeat (SSR) marker analysis. The majority of the isolates collected were virulent at various frequencies on the resistance genes Yr1 (50%), Yr6 (100%), Yr7 (78%), Yr8 (50%), Yr9 (84%), Yr10 (25%), Yr17 (38%), Yr24 (22%), Yr27 (31%), Yr32 (22%), Yr43 (47%), Yr44 (6%), YrSp (41%), YrTr1 (6%), and avirulent on Yr5 and Yr15. Based on the analysis of virulence, all isolates were determined as 25 races and clustered into six virulence groups (VGs). In contrast, the isolates clustered into four molecular groups (MGs) based on genotypic data. All four MGs were found in Aegean region of Turkey, while only three MGs (MG1, MG2 and MG3) were found in the Mediterranean region of the country. Additionally, analysis of molecular variance indicated that 80.9% of genetic variation was found within regions and 19.1% was found between the regions. The results suggest that interregional migration of the pathogen was high. The data can be helpful for the management of stripe rust and understanding the population structure and migration of Pst in Turkey. © 2021 The Author(s). Published by Informa UK Limited, trading as Taylor & Francis Group

Evaluation of resistance of Turkish bread wheat (Triticum aestivum) varieties to recently emerged Puccinia striiformis f. sp. tritici races

Using genetic diversity has made significant contribution to stripe rust resistance to improve wheat production. However, rapid evolution of the Puccinia striiformis f. sp. tritici (Pst), and emergence of virulent races can negatively affect the wheat genotypes with race-specific resistance gene(s). In this study, reactions of 130 bread wheat varieties, released from 1931 to 2014, were evaluated to recently emerged Pst races in Turkey, PSTr-6 and PSTr-23, at seedling and adult-plant stages. 65.4% and 67.7% of wheat varieties showed susceptible reaction to PSTr-6 and PSTr-23 at seedling stage, respectively. Moreover, coefficient of infection (CI) values generated by infection type (IT) and disease severity (DS) data demonstrated that PSTr-23 (59.78) was more virulent than PSTr-6 (57.93) at adult-plant stage. In addition to these, the presence of important yellow rust (Yr) genes in these varieties was investigated at molecular level. It was determined that the frequencies of three Yr genes, Yr5, Yr10 and Yr15, among these varieties were 1.5, 6.2 and 3.8%, respectively. However, none of them had Yr36 and only one variety had Yr5+Yr10 combination with frequency of 0.7%. In conclusion, most varieties have not these Yr genes and possess a moderately resistance/susceptible reaction to both races in general. © 2022 Elsevier Lt

Does political culture matter for Europeanization? Evidence from the Ottoman Turkish modernization in state-labor relations

Purpose - Contextualizing its argument specifically into the role and impact of the traditional political culture on the process of modernization, this paper aims to examine the "culture matters" approach through the two-century experience of the top-down modernization of the Ottoman-Turkish civilization in the realm of state-labor relations

Does political culture matter for Europeanization?

Purpose - Contextualizing its argument specifically into the role and impact of the traditional political culture on the process of modernization, this paper aims to examine the "culture matters" approach through the two-century experience of the top-down modernization of the Ottoman-Turkish civilization in the realm of state-labor relations

Is an "Islamic Political Economy" in the Making across the Middle East and North Africa?: A Path-Dependent Institutional Change Analysis

The Arab Uprisings and their transformational impact across MENA have generated immense debate about the future of the region's countries during a period of reorganizational crisis in the international political economy. At this stage of the unfolding region-wide transition in the MENA, this paper performs a two-step theoreticopractical examination of the processes between and after the Uprisings. Firstly it crystallizes the ambiguous manifestations between the theory of Islamic political economy and the praxis of these Muslim-majority countries: the high-income Arab Gulf States, upper-middle-income Tunisia, and lower-middle-income Egypt. Secondly it contextualizes the evolving continuities an

THE PARADIGM OF ISLAMIC POLITICAL ECONOMY: AN INSTITUTIONALIST ANALYSIS OF MYTH AND REALITY

From its genesis in the seventh century onwards, Islam has been a major paradigm that has shaped the politico-economic life of a vast portion of the world population, nearly a quarter at present. In view of the underdeveloped or developing structures of Muslim-majority nations, it has mostly been assumed that Islam predicates an autocratic theocracy and a conservative, rather than a progressive, economic policy that retards scientific research and entrepreneurial innovation. Conversely, with a reactive consciousness, orthodox Muslims take it for granted that Islam's divinely ordained normative axioms would be enough for them to spontaneously establish the most conciliatory political regime on the earth and an advanced economic system irrespective of the power and money-oriented dimensions of human interaction and the assimilative potential of capitalist world economy. To clarify this ambiguity between the reductionist and mythicising perceptions over the theory and praxis of Islamic political economy, this paper first and basically examines its framing institutions at the level of theory and then the causes and consequences of [in]consistencies between its theoretical axioms and their praxis by the Muslim nations