Monıtorızatıon Of Herbal Medıcınal Products And Implementatıon Of Track And Trace System

Modern tıp uygulamalarının temeli standardizasyon ve kanıta dayalı bilgi birikimiyle desteklenen nedensellik ilişkisidir. Günümüz ulusal ve uluslararası sağlık sistemlerinin temeli ise düzenleyici kuruluşlar ile bu kuruluşlarca yetkilendirilen ve denetlenen paydaşlara dayanmaktadır. Modern ekonomik sistemlerde, ulusal sağlık sistemlerinin kapsayıcılık ilkesinden ödün vermeksizin sürdürülebilirliğinin sağlanması, kamu ve/veya özel sağlık sigorta sistemlerine bağlıdır. Sağlık sigortalarının kapsamı ise, tescilli ve yetkili sağlık sunucularının önerdiği tedavi protokolleri ve araçlarıyla sınırlıdır. Hastalıkların tedavisi ve/veya sağlıklılık durumunun pekiştirilmesi amacıyla kullanılan farmasötik formdaki bitkisel ürünlere yönelik talep, son yıllarda artış göstermektedir. Bu ürünler büyük ölçüde sağlık sigorta kapsamlarının dışında kalmakta ve ürünlerin arz ve satışında serbest piyasa koşulları kapsamında bir özgürlük söz konusu olsa da ürünler standardizasyon ve nedensellik koşullarını karşılama zorunluluğundan muaf değillerdir. Takip sistemleri üretimden sunuma kadar, standardizasyonunun denetlenmesi amacıyla, son dönemlerde merkezi düzenleyici kuruluşlar tarafından büyük ilgi görmektedir. Bu çalışmada, ülkemiz koşullarında, reçete dışı farmasötik formdaki bitkisel ürünlerin denetimini sağlayabilecek ideal merkezi bilgi ve takip sisteminin sağlaması gereken koşulların ve bu süreçte karşılaşılacak zorlukların ortaya konması amaçlanmıştır. Farmasötik formdaki bitkisel ürünlere ve bitkisel droglara yönelik yasal düzenlemeleri içeren çeşitli ulusal ve uluslararası mevzuat, takip sistemleri teknolojileri ve uygulama örnekleri hakkında literatür incelenmiş ve özetlenmiştir. Bu ürünleri kapsayan ideal bir bilgi ve takip sistemi tasarlanmış, paydaşlara düşen görevler belirtilmiştir.The basis of modern medical practice is the relationship of causality that is supported by evidence based accumulation of knowledge. Current national and international health systems rely on regulatory agencies and shareholders that are authorized and audited by them. In modern economic systems, sustainability of national health systems without compromising coverage is provided by public and/or private health insurance. The extent of benefits covered by health insurance are specified by regulatory agencies and restricted to the treatment modalities prescribed and/or administered by authorized health care providers. Herbal medicinal products are increasingly demanded in the last years to be used in the treatment of diseases and/or inreasing wellbeing. However these products are not in the scope of insurance coverage to a large extent and the market conditions have important influence over their sales although they are not exempt from meeting the standartization criteria and the evidence based relationship of causality for their assumed efficacy and safety. During recent years, track systems are becoming increasingly attractive for central regulatory agencies for they permit monitoring and auditing the standardisation of the entire processes from production to supply. In this study, it is aimed to discuss the conditions and the challenges to adapt an ideal central tracking and information system to monitor non-prescription herbal medicinal products. National and international regulations about herbal pharmaceutical products and herbs and literature in regard to track system technologies and implementation examples are reviewed. An ideal track and information system is conceptualized and the roles for shareholders are discussed

In vitro and in silico evaluation of ACE2 and LOX inhibitory activity of origanum essential oils and carvacrol

Origanum spp. are used both for culinary purposes and for their biological activities. In this study, commercial Origanum majorana, Origanum minutiflorum, Origanum vulgare, and Origanum onites essential oils and their prominent constituent carvacrol were evaluated for their in vitro and in silico angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 and lipoxygenase enzyme inhibitory potentials. The essential oils were analysed by gas chromatography-flame ionisation detection and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry, where carvacrol was identified as the major component (62 - 81%), confirming the quality. In vitro enzyme inhibition assays were conducted both with the essential oils (20 µg/mL) and with carvacrol (5 µg/mL). The comparative values of angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 percent inhibition for O. majorana, O. minutiflorum, O. vulgare, and O. onites essential oils were determined as 85.5, 79.1, 74.3, and 42.8%, respectively. As a result of the enzyme assays, carvacrol showed 90.7% in vitro angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 inhibitory activity. The in vitro lipoxygenase inhibition of the essential oils (in the same order) was 89.4, 78.9, 81.1, and 73.5%, respectively, where carvacrol showed 74.8% inhibition. In addition, protein-ligand docking and interaction profiling was used to gain structural and mechanistic insights into the angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 and lipoxygenase inhibitory potentials of major Origanum essential oil constituents. The in silico findings agreed with the significant enzyme inhibition activity observed in vitro. Further in vivo studies are suggested to confirm the safety and efficacy of the oils

In vitro and in silico evaluation of ACE2 and LOX inhibitory activity of eucalyptus essential oils, 1,8-cineole, and citronellal

Eucalyptus essential oils are well-known and used especially in upper respiratory tract pathologies or diseases as herbal drug preparations. In the present study, the in vitro angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) and lipoxygenase (LOX) enzyme inhibitory potentials of commercial Eucalyptus globulus Labill. and Eucalyptus citriodora Hook. essential oils were evaluated for their potential anti-coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), and anti-inflammatory effects. In addition, the major components, 1,8-cineole and citronellal, were evaluated for their ability to bind at the active site of either human ACE2 or human 5-LOX using an in silico setting. Before activity evaluation, Eucalyptus globulus and E citriodora essential oils were analysed by GC/FID and GC/MS, where 1,8-cineole (30%), and citronellal (80%) were identified as the major components, respectively. The in vitro ACE2 inhibition was calculated as 94.9% for E globulus, and that of E citriodora essential oil as 83.4%. In vitro LOX inhibition experiments for essential oils in the same order showed inhibitions of 71.3 and 91.4%, respectively, at 20 µg/mL test concentrations in microplate-based fluorometric assays. In addition, protein–ligand docking, and interaction profiling was used to gain structural and mechanistic insights into the in silico ACE2 and LOX inhibitory potentials of the major Eucalyptus essential oil constituents, 1,8-cineole as well as citronellal. The resulting data supported the in vitro findings; however, further in vivo studies are needed to confirm the activity.Anadolu Universit