First Evolution of Radon Concentrations Spatial Distribution based on the geological parameters and multiple linear regression method in schools of Sjenica community, Western Serbia (Balkan area)

Purpose: The paper deals with the analysis of radon survey in 34 schools over Sjenica community, in West Serbia, aiming at systematically continuation of previously performed surveys (2008-2010) in the 340 schools in South Serbia, as the project activities (Serbian Ministry of Education Since and Technical Development) considering optimization of the design of a national survey and improving the knowledge of radon distribution in Serbia. In addition , the results of this survey triggered, based on Sjenica (Pestar) region complex geology and measured annual Rn concentrations, an attempt of the explanation of radon spatial variation in Sjenica community by multivariable linear regression (MLR) method in total of 36 public buildings investigated (beside schools, the kindergarten and meterological station). Argumatation: Schools are workplaces which are subject to Rn regulations (EC 2014,BSS).Among other, the BSS require establishing reference levels for long-term indoor Rn concentration, not exceeding 300 Bq/m3 for both dwellings and workplaces. The 36 public buildings were surveyed the whole year in the Sjenica community in West Serbia by long term measurements with CR-39 detectors (commercially named Gamma 1, Landaurer, Sweden). Sjenica community is the largest community of 1059 km2 surface in Serbia and it was found that indoor radon (Rn) lower than 100 Bq/m3 are most probable and although with lower probability,that Rn higher than action level of 300 Bq/m3could occur in 14% of the buildings , indicating potential of the investigated area as high natural background area. The highest measured indoor Rn concentration was 1130 Bq/m3. Conclusion: The predictive model was developed, in order to determine how geological parameters best merge to explain the indoor radon concentrations. The results of this investigation highlight that it is possible to predict indoor radon concentrations using the geological data to an acceptable level of accuracy with a limited number of measurements. There is potential of the investigated area as high natural background area

Trace elements in soils and vine from Tikves area-Republic of Macedonia with particular references to nickel distribution

The paper presents the research of the presence of elements in traces Al, Ba, Ca, Cu, K, Mg, Mn, Na, Sr, As, Cd, Co, Cr, Ni, Pb, Zn in the soil of the Tikves area and the wine which is produced from the grapevine grown on those soil. The determination of the presence of elements in traces is made according to the method ICP-AES, ETASS. Due to the quantity in the graphic interpretation (maps of correlation between wine/soil) in the paper only the graphic interpretation

Trace elements in the onion originated from the Tikves area (Republic of Macedonia)

The paper presents the geochemical research for the presence of trace elements in onion produced in the Tikvesh area, Republic of Macedonia. The conducted research is made by the application of the method ICP-AES, ICP-MS. The following results for the presence of the trace elements are obtained: Li (0.037 ppm); B (8 ppm); Na (43 ppm); Mg (841 ppm); Al (17 ppm); P (2352 ppm); Ca (3747 ppm); Ti (5.1 ppm); As (0.033 ppm); Sr (23 ppm); Mo (0.457 ppm); Cd (0.043 ppm); Sb (0.008 ppm); Cs (0.018 ppm); Ba (18.5 ppm); Pb (0.348 ppm); V (0.040 ppm); Cr (0.848 ppm); Mn (9.2 ppm); Fe (148 ppm); Co (0.037 ppm); Ni (1.44 ppm); Cu (2.15 ppm), Zn (13 ppm); Ga (0.388 ppm)

Trace elements in soils and vine from Tikves area-Republic of Macedonia

The paper presents the research of the presence of elements in traces Al, Ba, Ca, Cu, K, Mg, Mn, Na, Sr, As, Cd, Co, Cr, Ni, Pb, Zn in the soil of the Tikves area and the wine which is produced from the grapevine grown on those soil. The determination of the presence of elements in traces is made according to the method ICP-AES, ETASS. Due to the quantity in the graphic interpretation (maps of correlation between wine/soil) in the paper only the graphic interpretations for the elements NI, Cu, As are presented

Distribution of traces elements in the grapes from the Tikves area with a special references to distribution of Ni, Fe, Cu and Cr

The paper presents the geochemical research for the presence of the elements in traces in grapes produced in the Tikves area (Republic of Macedonia), and in the same time the spatial distribution of the elements nickel, iron and chrome is presented. A special note is given to the elements nickel, iron, copper and chrome in order to present the anthropogenic influence which appears from the work on the metallurgy of nickel and iron which is found in this region and the appliance of means for plant protection. The average values of the elements in traces in the grapes from the Tikves area are in (mg/kg) (Li-0.020; Be-0.002; B-28; Na-8; Mg-300; Al-49; P-5588; Ca-490; Ti-0.94; V-0.011; Cr-0.184; Mn-4.0; Fe-14; Co-0.012; Ni-0145; Cu-7.1; Zn-2.5; Ga-0.029; Ge-0.001; As-0.157; Sr-3.7; Mo-0.019; Pd-0.0005; Ag-0.009; Cd-0.002; Sn-0.012; Sb-0.065; Cs-0.031; Ba-0.64; Tl-0.002; Pb-0.66; Bi-0.026; Th-0.001). From the conducted research it could be concluded that a certain increase in the concentration of iron, nickel, copper and chrome is noted in the eastern part of the region, and it is as a consequence of the anthropogenic activitie

Rb, Sr, K and Pb in the soils of Tikves area

This paper presents the research results of the presence of the rare elements Rb, Sr, K and Pb in the soils of the Tikvesh area (Republic of Macedonia) which are obtained through XRF-method, then, their spatial distribution is presented through the analysis of the analytical data with the cringing method, and conclusions are made for the connection between the spatial distribution and the studied elements with the geological processes which happened on this area

Spatial and temporal variability of soil gas radon concentration and permeability: study performed in Eastern part of Macedonia

The preliminary results of soil gas radon concentrations and permeability in situ measurements carried out in 39 primary schoolyards infour neighbouring municipalities of Eastern Macedonia are presented in this paper. At each location, the radon was sampled at 80 cm depth and measured by ionization chamber. Using the RADON-JOK equipment the measurement of permeability was performed in the same point. The infield campaigns were conducted in January and June 2016. Radon concentrations and permeability ranged: from 7 to 84 kBq/m and from 1:7 � 10 13 to 7:8 � 10 12 m 2 in January; and from 8 to 60 kBq/m and from 2:5 � 10 14 to 1:9 � 10 11 m 2 in June. Spatial variations within investigated area expressed by the coefficient of variation were lower for radon concentrations than for permeability in both sets of measurements. The variations of radon were: 61% in January and 56% in June whereas 102% in January and 149% for permeability were obtained. The resulting radon potential of the measuring sites varied from 3 to 49 in January and from 2 to 38 in June. The correlation between observed values and its relation with lithostratigraphy was confirmed. 3

Risk assessment resulting from radionuclides in soils of the Republic of Macedonia

In the last decade, many studies have been made for measuring natural radioactivity in regions of the Republic of Macedonia. However, the information on terrestrial radiation exposure, and, consequently, risk assessment were not available. In this study, a risk assessment was done considering a specific activity concentration of 226Ra, 232Th, 40K and 137Cs in the topsoil. The results indicate that the external gamma doses due to natural radionuclides in soils are higher than those of 137Cs. The absorbed dose rate in air varies in intervals: from 4.3 to 57 nGy/h (due to 226Ra); from 3.9 to 88 nGy/h (due to 232Th); from 3.3 to 58 nGy/h (due to 40K); and from 0.01 to 5.3 nGy/h (due to 137Cs). In addition, the mean annual effective doses due to natural radionuclides and 137Cs in the soils of the Republic of Macedonia are estimated to be 78 μSv and 1.01 μSv, respectively. As well as, the values of external hazard index Hex indicate in general low gamma radiation risk for populations living in the Republic of Macedonia

Factors Affecting Indoor Radon Variations: A Case Study in Schools of Eastern Macedonia

The subject of this study is the radon concentrations variations, measured with a nuclear track detectors in a total of 58 premises in all 29 primary schools of 4 municipalities in the eastern part of the Republic of Macedonia. Despite a relatively small territory, the variability of radon concentrations proved to be significant. The geometric means (geometric standard deviations) of radon concentrations in the examined municipalities were in the range from GM=71 Bq/m3 (GSD=2.08) to GM=162 Bq/m3 (GSD=2.69), while for the entire region it was: GM=96 Bq/m3 (GSD=2.47). The influence of the geographical and geological features of the school site as well as the building characteristics on the radon variations were investigated. The analysis showed that type of municipality, building materials, basement and geology have significant effects and respectively describe 6\%, 16\%, 22\%, 39\% of the radon total variability

Variation of indoor radon concentration and ambient dose equivalent rate in different outdoor and indoor environments

Subject of this study is an investigation of the variations of indoor radon concentration and ambient dose equivalent rate in outdoor and indoor environments of 40 dwellings, 31 elementary schools and five kindergartens. The buildings are located in three municipalities of two, geologically different, areas of the Republic of Macedonia. Indoor radon concentrations were measured by nuclear track detectors, deployed in the most occupied room of the building, between June 2013 and May 2014. During the deploying campaign, indoor and outdoor ambient dose equivalent rates were measured simultaneously at the same location. It appeared that the measured values varied from 22 to 990 Bq/m3 for indoor radon concentrations, from 50 to 195 nSv/h for outdoor ambient dose equivalent rates, and from 38 to 184 nSv/h for indoor ambient dose equivalent rates. The geometric mean value of indoor to outdoor ambient dose equivalent rates was found to be 0.88, i.e. the outdoor ambient dose equivalent rates were on average higher than the indoor ambient dose equivalent rates. All measured can reasonably well be described by\ud log-normal distributions. A detailed statistical analysis of factors which influence the measured quantities is reporte