A True Experimental study to assess the effectiveness of topical anesthetic cream on pain experience among patients undergoing Intervenous Cannulation in selected hospital, Krishnagiri District

Pain is the unpleasant sensory and emotional experience associated with actual or potential tissue damage, or decrease in terms of such damage. Early pain experiences may play a particularly important role in shaping an individual’s pain responses. In adequate relief of pain and distress painful medical procedures may have long-term negative effects on future pain tolerance and pain responses. Intravenous therapy is delivered annually to millions of patients in homes, hospitals and other health care facilities. Cannulation causes moderate or severe pain in a substantial number of children and adults. Some institutions have procedures for minimizing the predictable pain of cannulation. Tropical anesthetics are analgesic drugs that may be associated with higher magnitude of benefit for managing pain during common needle stick procedures. The investigator has come across many incidence during his clinical practice in which the patients requesting anesthesia during intravenous cannula. Hence the study was conducted on the following topic “A true experimental study to assess the effectiveness of topical anesthetic cream on pain experience among patients undergoing intravenous cannulation, selected hospital in krishnagiri.” OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY 1. Assess the level of pain during intravenous cannulation among experimental group. 2. Assess the level of pain during intravenous cannulation among control group. 3. Compare the level of pain among experimental group and control group. 4. Associate the level of pain with the selected demographic variables among experimental group and control group. HYPOTHESIS H1: There is a significant difference in the pain score between experimental group and control group of patients undergoing intravenous cannulation. H2: There is significant association between the level of pain among patients undergoing intravenous cannulation and the selected socio-demographic variables. CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK The conceptual framework adopted on the study is Roy’s Adaptation model. Roy focuses on the individual as a biopsychosocial adaptive system that employs a feedback cycle of input (stimuli), throughput (control processes), and output (behaviors or adaptive responses). METHODOLOGY The research approach adopted for the study was experimental approach i.e. post test only control design. The present study attempts to evaluate the effectiveness of topical anesthetic cream in reducing the pain associated with intravenous cannulation. This study includes manipulation, control and randomization. 60 subjects who require an intravenous line were included in the study and 30 subjects each are allocated randomly to experimental and control group through lottery method. Topical anesthetic cream is applied 5 minutes before cannulation for experimental group. The pain of puncture is assessed after intravenous cannulation. The effectiveness of topical anesthetic cream was assessed by comparing the pain scores between experimental and control group through suitable statical methods. TOOL The tool used for data collection was organized into two sections Section A: Socio-demographic data including clinical variables Section B: Standardized pain assessment tool-Numeric Rating Scale RESULT

Clinical and functional outcome of elastic stable intramedullary nailing in pediatric femoral fractures in the age group of 5-16 years

Background: Fractures of the femur are the most incapacitating fractures. The best treatment for children between five to sixteen years of age is still debated. The ESIN has the benefits of early immediate stability to the involved bone segment, permitting early mobilization and return to the normal activities of the patients, respect for the physes, minimal scarring with lower complications. The purpose of this study was to present this study results following fixation of femoral shaft fractures with titanium elastic nails between the age 5-16 years of age.Methods: A total 52 patients in the age group of 5-16 years with femoral shaft fractures were stabilized using flexible nailing. Clinical and radiological follow-up was for a minimum period of 24 months. The final results were analysed using Flynn’s criteria.Results: Mean age at surgery was 7.4 years (range 5.6-14.3 years). The average duration of surgery was 65.3 (45-95) minutes and the mean duration of hospital stay was 8 (5-14) days. Skin irritation due to nail ends was the most common complication followed by significant lengthening (n=6), infection (n=2), significant shortening (n=2), varus angulation (n=2) and delayed union (n=2). The final outcome was excellent in 65.4% cases, satisfactory in 30.8% cases and three patients had poor outcomes as per Flynn's scoring criteria.Conclusions: In this study, ESIN showed good clinical and radiographic results in the age group 5 to 16 years, with minimal complications and high parent satisfaction consistent with previous studies but lesser number of mid adolescent age groups in the present study is a limitation

Estimation and compensation of IQ imbalance in SWIPT system

Although there are many articulations of SWIPT architecture implementations, the hardware impairment aspect involved in the SWIPT architecture system is not given much attention. This paper evaluates the performance of SWIPT PS Reciever architecture in the presence of IQ imbalance hardware impairment with 16-QAM transmitter and AWGN channel. The parameters SNR, BER is evaluated in the presence of amplitude, phase imbalance, and PS factor at the SWIPT receiver side. Further, the IQ imbalance is estimated and compensated using a blind compensation algorithm. The system achieved a maximum BER of 10−7 in the presence of amplitude and phase imbalance of 0.2 and 1.6 respectivel

Evaluation and Exploration of Machine Learning and Convolutional Neural Network Classifiers in Detection of Lung Cancer from Microarray Gene—A Paradigm Shift

Microarray gene expression-based detection and classification of medical conditions have been prominent in research studies over the past few decades. However, extracting relevant data from the high-volume microarray gene expression with inherent nonlinearity and inseparable noise components raises significant challenges during data classification and disease detection. The dataset used for the research is the Lung Harvard 2 Dataset (LH2) which consists of 150 Adenocarcinoma subjects and 31 Mesothelioma subjects. The paper proposes a two-level strategy involving feature extraction and selection methods before the classification step. The feature extraction step utilizes Short Term Fourier Transform (STFT), and the feature selection step employs Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) and Harmonic Search (HS) metaheuristic methods. The classifiers employed are Nonlinear Regression, Gaussian Mixture Model, Softmax Discriminant, Naive Bayes, SVM (Linear), SVM (Polynomial), and SVM (RBF). The two-level extracted relevant features are compared with raw data classification results, including Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) methodology. Among the methods, STFT with PSO feature selection and SVM (RBF) classifier produced the highest accuracy of 94.47%

Furthering the precision of RUSLE soil erosion with PSInSAR data: an innovative model

Soil erosion is a severe environmental problem worldwide, especially in tropical regions. The Revised Universal Soil Loss Equation (RUSLE), one of the universally accepted empirical soil erosion models, is quite commonly used in tropical climatic conditions to estimate the magnitude and severity of soil erosion. This study, apart from identifying the role of individual parameters in influencing the results of the RUSLE, also aims at refining the RUSLE results by incorporating the state-of-the-art technique Persistent Scatterer Interferometric Synthetic Aperture Radar (PSInSAR) in a GIS environment by utilizing its ability to measure minute surface changes in millimetre levels. Apart from this novel approach of prioritising soil erosion classes using PSInSAR, the eroding surface conditions were also studied using low coherence value (\u3c0.75 in this study). The spatially and temporally averaged annual soil loss and net soil erosion (2015–2019), derived through RUSLE and transport limited sediment delivery (TLSD) approach, respectively, was improved by spatially integrating the PSInSAR velocity map. The integrated methodological framework is demonstrated for a tropical river basin in South India (Muvattupuzha River Basin [MRB]), which shows a mean rate of net soil loss of 6.8 ton/ha/yr, and nearly 8% of the area experiences deposition. Our approach to improve the accuracy of RUSLE-based soil erosion classes using PSInSAR techniques clearly demarcated the areas that call for utmost priority in implementing management practices. The corollary results show that the very severe soil erosion class is characterized by PSI velocity with higher negative values, followed by the successively lower classes. Results strongly suggest that RUSLE output can be improved as well as validated using a velocity map derived from radar data

The tale of three landslides in the Western Ghats, India: lessons to be learnt

In recent years, landslides have become a typical monsoon calamity in the Western Ghats region of Kerala, India. In addition to property damage, heavy rainfall (36% above normal) and multiple landslides (4728) killed 48 people in 2018. This tendency continued throughout the monsoon seasons of 2019, 2020, and 2021, resulting in the deaths of over 100 people. Anomalous precipitation is ascribed to the frequent development of low-pressure in the surrounding oceans. Using ground real data and satellite imagery, we evaluated the features of three large landslides in the state of Kerala, which occurred during the monsoon season of 2021. Our investigation found that the Kokkayar landslide was triggered by anthropogenic-related agricultural activities, the Plappally landslide by geomorphic and tectonic processes as well as human involvement, and the Kavali landslide by forest fragmentation with dense vegetation on thin soil. The triggering mechanism for all three of these landslides, however, is the intense rainfall of 266 mm in less than 24 h. Thus, an accurate and precise forecast of rainfall can be used to define a threshold for an early warning, which will be vital for saving lives

Piriformospora indica Improves Drought Tolerance in Tomato Plants through Enhanced Nutrient Uptake and Antioxidant Enzymes

Piriformospora indica, a beneficial root endophytic basidiomyceteous fungus, has demonstrated the ability to enhance plant growth and increase tolerance to stressful conditions, particularly drought and salinity. This study aimed to examine the effectiveness of P. indica in mitigating the negative effects of drought stress in tomato plants. In a greenhouse pot experiment, tomato plants colonized with P. indica (P1) and non-inoculated with P. indica (P2) were subjected to different water regimes, including well-watered conditions and varying levels of drought stress (D1 - Control (100% Field Capacity - FC), D2 - 75% FC, D3 - 50% FC and D4 - 25% FC). The study evaluated multiple parameters such as, yield per plant, anti-oxidant enzyme activities and nutrient uptake as influenced by P. indica-colonization and drought stress. The results revealed that as the drought stress increased, micro- and macro- nutrients uptake got reduced, leading to a reduction in yield. But this reduction was found to be less in P. indica-colonized plants compared to the control plants indicating the positive effect of colonization on nutrient uptake and yield per plant. Drought stress increased the accumulation of anti-oxidant enzymes and proline in tomato plants, which is a method of drought tolerance and mitigating mechanism. However, P. indica-colonization resulted in significantly higher anti-oxidants compared to control plants corresponding to same level of drought stress indicating the role of the endophyte in drought tolerance in tomato plants through improved antioxidant enzyme activities and proline content

Flood vulnerability of a few areas in the foothills of the Western Ghats: a comparison of AHP and F-AHP models

Flooding is one of the most destructive natural catastrophes that can strike anywhere in the world. With the recent, but frequent catastrophic flood events that occurred in the narrow stretch of land in southern India, sandwiched between the Western Ghats and the Arabian Sea, this study was initiated. The goal of this research is to identify flood-vulnerable zones in this area by making the local self governing bodies as the mapping unit. This study also assessed the predictive accuracy of analytical hierarchy process (AHP) and fuzzy-analytical hierarchy process (F-AHP) models. A total of 20 indicators (nine physical-environmental variables and 11 socio-economic variables) have been considered for the vulnerability modelling. Flood-vulnerability maps, created using remotely sensed satellite data and geographic information systems, was divided into five zones. AHP and F-AHP flood vulnerability models identified 12.29% and 11.81% of the area as very high-vulnerable zones, respectively. The receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve is used to validate these flood vulnerability maps. The flood vulnerable maps, created using the AHP and F-AHP methods, were found to be outstanding based on the area under the ROC curve (AUC) values. This demonstrates the effectiveness of these two models. The results of AUC for the AHP and F-AHP models were 0.946 and 0.943, respectively, articulating that the AHP model is more efficient than its chosen counterpart in demarcating the flood vulnerable zones. Decision-makers and land-use planners will find the generated vulnerable zone maps useful, particularly in implementing flood mitigation plans