Identification and characterization of novel drugs for the treatment of pediatric gliomas

Les astrocytomes (gliomes) sont les tumeurs cérébrales primaires les plus communes chez les adultes et le deuxième neoplasme le plus fréquent chez l’enfant. Malgré les traitements qui sont disponibles par chirurgie, chimiothérapie et radiothérapie, la résistance, la toxicité ainsi que les taux de guérison faibles conduisent à rechercher de nouvelles drogues plus efficaces. J'ai effectué un test de viabilité chimique avec une banque de molécules sur des lignées cellulaires dérivées de tumeurs cérébrales. J'ai découvert quatre nouveaux composés anti-cancéreux, à savoir: DK16, Bpv(pic), EM011 et le Targetin, qui ont démontré une efficacité élevée et constante dans toutes les lignées de cellules tumorales du cerveau testées. En utilisant une variété de techniques de biologie moléculaire et cellulaire j'ai découvert que ces composés ont une efficacité significative pour inhibent des voies de progression clés dans les lignées de cellules de gliome pédiatrique de bas grade, à savoir: la viabilité, la prolifération, la migration et invasion, et avec seulement peu d'effets indésirables sur les cellules normales. En outre, tous les composés peuvent traverser la barrière hémato-encéphalique et inhiber la croissance de cellules de gliome pédiatrique de bas grade cultivées dans l'agarose mou. Une diminution de la viabilité cellulaire a été simultanément accompagnée à la fois pas l'arrêt du cycle cellulaire et l'apoptose avec la modification concomitante de l'expression de nombreux gènes qui favorisent la progression du cancer. De plus, une induction de l'apoptose impliqué dans translocation phosphatidylsérine, augmentation du ratio BAX/BCL2, dépolarisation de la membrane mitochondriale et translocation nucléaire du AIF a été observé. Comme EM011, le Targetin est également doté de propriétés anti-angiogéniques. Les résultats pré-cliniques de cette thèse montrent que les composés: DK16, Bpv(pic), EM011 et Targretin, peuvent être utiles pour le traitement des gliomes pédiatriques. Les résultats de cette thèse servent de base pour futures études « in vivo » et des essais cliniques chez les patients pédiatriques atteints de gliomes.Astrocytomas (Gliomas) are the most common primary brain tumors among adults and second most frequent neoplasm among children. Although gliomas are treated aggressively with surgery, chemotherapy and radiation, treatment resistance, drug toxicity and poor response rates among pediatric glioma patients, continue to drive the need to discover new and more effective chemotherapeutic agents. In line with this notion, I undertook a chemical viability screen involving a library of compounds to discover and characterize novel compounds with high efficacies in retarding the viability of a panel of brain tumor cell lines. I subsequently discovered four new anti-cancer compounds, namely DK16, Bpv(pic), EM011 and Targetin, which demonstrated high and consistent potency in the panel of all brain tumor cell lines and cancer stem cells tested. Using a variety of in-vitro molecular and cell biology techniques, I discovered that these compounds have significant efficacies in abrogating key cancer progression pathways in pediatric low grade glioma cell lines, namely: cell viability, proliferation, migration, and invasion, but with little/no adverse toxicity on normal cells. Furthermore, all compounds can cross the blood brain barrier and inhibit anchorage independent growth of pediatric low grade glioma cell lines in soft agarose. A decrease in cell viability was concurrently accompanied by both cell cycle arrest and apoptosis with the concomitant alteration in the expression of numerous genes that promote cancer progression. Moreover, an induction of apoptosis involved increases in phosphatidylserine translocation, the upregulation of BAX/BCL2 ratio and depolarization of the mitochondrial membrane. In addition, glioma cell lines treated with DK16 and EM011 showed further evidence of mitochondrial dissipation leading to the release and nuclear translocation of the apoptotic inducing factor (AIF), with subsequent nuclear fragmentation. Furthermore, two compounds namely, EM011 and Targetin were found to perturb angiogenesis. These pre-clinical findings suggest DK16, Bpv(pic), EM011 and Targetin, can be suitable for the treatment of pediatric gliomas and serve the basis for future in-vivo studies and clinical trials to further validate the mechanism of action and their efficacies among Pediatric patients with gliomas

The <i>ATP6V1B2</i> DDOD/DOORS-Associated p.Arg506* Variant Causes Hyperactivity and Seizures in Mice

The vacuolar H+-ATPase is a multisubunit enzyme which plays an essential role in the acidification and functions of lysosomes, endosomes, and synaptic vesicles. Many genes encoding subunits of V-ATPases, namely ATP6V0C, ATP6V1A, ATP6V0A1, and ATP6V1B2, have been associated with neurodevelopmental disorders and epilepsy. The autosomal dominant ATP6V1B2 p.Arg506* variant can cause both congenital deafness with onychodystrophy, autosomal dominant (DDOD) and deafness, onychodystrophy, osteodystrophy, mental retardation, and seizures syndromes (DOORS). Some but not all individuals with this truncating variant have intellectual disability and/or epilepsy, suggesting incomplete penetrance and/or variable expressivity. To further explore the impact of the p.Arg506* variant in neurodevelopment and epilepsy, we generated Atp6v1b2emR506* mutant mice and performed standardized phenotyping using the International Mouse Phenotyping Consortium (IMPC) pipeline. In addition, we assessed the EEG profile and seizure susceptibility of Atp6v1b2emR506* mice. Behavioral tests revealed that the mice present locomotor hyperactivity and show less anxiety-associated behaviors. Moreover, EEG analyses indicate that Atp6v1b2emR506* mutant mice have interictal epileptic activity and that both heterozygous (like patients) and homozygous mice have reduced seizure thresholds to pentylenetetrazol. Our results confirm that variants in ATP6V1B2 can cause seizures and that the Atp6v1b2emR506* heterozygous mouse model is a valuable tool to further explore the pathophysiology and potential treatments for vacuolar ATPases-associated epilepsy and disorders

A new microdeletion syndrome involving TBC1D24, ATP6V0C, and PDPK1 causes epilepsy, microcephaly, and developmental delay

Purpose Contiguous gene deletions are known to cause several neurodevelopmental syndromes, many of which are caused by recurrent events on chromosome 16. However, chromosomal microarray studies (CMA) still yield copy-number variants (CNVs) of unknown clinical significance. We sought to characterize eight individuals with overlapping 205-kb to 504-kb 16p13.3 microdeletions that are distinct from previously published deletion syndromes. Methods Clinical information on the patients and bioinformatic scores for the deleted genes were analyzed. Results All individuals in our cohort displayed developmental delay, intellectual disability, and various forms of seizures. Six individuals were microcephalic and two had strabismus. The deletion was absent in all 13 parents who were available for testing. The area of overlap encompasses seven genes including TBC1D24, ATP6V0C, and PDPK1 (also known as PDK1). Bi-allelic TBC1D24 pathogenic variants are known to cause nonsyndromic deafness, epileptic disorders, or DOORS syndrome (deafness, onychodystrophy, osteodystrophy, mental retardation, seizures). Sanger sequencing of the nondeleted TBC1D24 allele did not yield any additional pathogenic variants. Conclusions We propose that 16p13.3 microdeletions resulting in simultaneous haploinsufficiencies of TBC1D24, ATP6V0C, and PDPK1 cause a novel rare contiguous gene deletion syndrome of microcephaly, developmental delay, intellectual disability, and epilepsy

Mutations in PIGB cause an inherited GPI biosynthesis defect with an axonal neuropathy and metabolic abnormality in severe cases

Proteins anchored to the cell surface via glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI) play various key roles in the human body, particularly in development and neurogenesis. As such, many developmental disorders are caused by mutations in genes involved in the GPI biosynthesis and remodeling pathway. We describe ten unrelated families with bi-allelic mutations in PIGB, a gene that encodes phosphatidylinositol glycan class B, which transfers the third mannose to the GPI. Ten different PIGB variants were found in these individuals. Flow cytometric analysis of blood cells and fibroblasts from the affected individuals showed decreased cell surface presence of GPI-anchored proteins. Most of the affected individuals have global developmental and/or intellectual delay, all had seizures, two had polymicrogyria, and four had a peripheral neuropathy. Eight children passed away before four years old. Two of them had a clinical diagnosis of DOORS syndrome (deafness, onychodystrophy, osteodystrophy, mental retardation, and seizures), a condition that includes sensorineural deafness, shortened terminal phalanges with small finger and toenails, intellectual disability, and seizures; this condition overlaps with the severe phenotypes associated with inherited GPI deficiency. Most individuals tested showed elevated alkaline phosphatase, which is a characteristic of the inherited GPI deficiency but not DOORS syndrome. It is notable that two severely affected individuals showed 2-oxoglutaric aciduria, which can be seen in DOORS syndrome, suggesting that severe cases of inherited GPI deficiency and DOORS syndrome might share some molecular pathway disruptions