Investigation of average daily water consumption and its impact on weight gain in captive common buzzards (Buteo buteo) in Greece

This investigation was to find out whether captive common buzzards need additional drinking water to complement the water they obtain from their pre-slaughtered meat meals and to investigate their average daily water requirements. Twenty five (25) common buzzards were studied at the wildlife hospital and rehabilitation centre, Aegina, Greece with weight ranging between 498.4g and 911g. Large quantity of potable water was measured equally into same size ceramic bowls and served each bird under study in separate individual paper boxes. At the end of 24 hours, the left over water was carefully brought out and re-measured to determine the quantity the birds have consumed. A control was set with a ceramic bowl with same quantity of water put in a paper box without a bird to determine the quantity of water lost to the atmosphere through evaporation on each day of the experiment. The water lost from the control on a daily basis was corrected in order to determine the quantity the common buzzards consumed daily. The weight of the studied buzzards were carefully taken and recorded 6 times each during the study period with W1 and W6 as entry and exit weights respectively. The mean of W1-W6 was used for the computation of the average percentage live body weight of the buzzards. The investigation revealed that captive common buzzards took water every day and the average daily water consumption of 724.9g buzzard was 31.4cc or 4.3% of its live body weight. The investigation further shows that the average water lost by evaporation daily (10.7cc) and that consumed by each buzzard daily (31.4cc) add up to 5.8%, equivalent of the average live body weight of the studied captive common buzzards which was 724.9g. The regression coefficient indicated that weight gain/ loss = 0.942 + 1.795 H2O. This implies that a unit increase in the average quantity of water consumed resulted in a corresponding increase of 1.795 body weight gain by the captive common buzzards.Keywords: Daily water consumption, Weight Gain, Captive common buzzards

Control and prevention of biodeteriation caused by termites (Isoptera

The paper reviewed the control measures against damage caused by termites. The objective was achieved using baseline published literature and data. This is particularly important because of the ever present destructive effect and presence of termites in every area of life worldwide. Multiple effective measures, ranging from chemical treatments to independent pest management procedures were identified. The right choice and application of termite preventive and control measures will be a great reprieve to stakeholders all over the world.Keywords: Damage, Control, Termites

THE INFLUENCE OF INGOT GEOMETRY ON TEMPERATURE DISTRIBUTION IN HCSS316 DURING HOT ROLLING

The effects of material geometry on rolling parameters such as yield stress, rolling load and torque have been studied. In this work, geometrical variation is intruded into the Reverse Sandwich Rolling Model (RSM) for high carbon stainless steel type 316 (HCSS316). The modification affords evaluation of the possible effect of geometry of the in-going strip of HCSS316 on temperature distribution in the material during hot rolling. Simulation of the model was carried out using FORTRAN 77. The computer code was validated with hot rolling experimental data from two high-reversing hot rolling mills with different roll diameter. Results of the simulation revealed a symmetrical temperature distribution from the rolling surfaces, to the mid-thickness of the specimen where in peaked. Thos pattern was consistent for specimens with different geometry. The results showed agreement with experimental inferences

Numerical estimation of rolling load and torque for hot flat rolling of Hcss316 at low strain rates based on mean temperature

Numerical estimation of rolling load and torque often showed large discrepancies when compared with experimental values. This was attributed to difficulty in estimating the mean rolling temperature from the available data. This work is thus directed at obtaining a good estimate for the mean rolling temperature which can effectively be used for load and torque estimates. Hot flat rolling stimulation by use of the Bland and Ford's cold rolling (HRBF) theory confirmed the reverse sandwich effect in selected carbon steels at low strain rates. In this work, the effect of pass reduction on rolling temperature distribution, yield stress and rolling load were studied for AISI Type 316 stainless steel (HSCSS316). For this new simulation, at low and high strain rates, results showed that the ratio of experimental to calculated rolling load and torque were higher at lower reduction than at higher reduction. These results confirmed excess load and torque in the hot rolling of HSCSS316 low reductions. The results obtained from Hot Rolling Bland and Ford's Theory based on Root Mean Square rolling temperature were in good agreement with values obtained using Reverse Sandwich Model and the Reverse Sandwich- Hot Rolling Bland and Ford's Program under the same rolling conditions

Modeling and Simulation of Void Closure during Steckel Mill Rolling for Steel Plate

Internal void defects as shrinkage porosity, gas bubble, and thermo-mechanical cracks are usually formed during steel casting processes. These defects have critical impact on the quality and service life of hot-rolled products. Study of the possibility of self-healing of existing internal defects during hot-rolling process has been of interest to industry and researchers. Prediction of void closure is extremely useful in relation to better product design and manufacturing process optimization. Herein, a 3D finite element model of the slab hot-rolling process is developed to simulate and analyze the healing of internal voids in hot-rolled steel plate. The material model for the steel plate is developed based on Johnson–Cook constitutive relation to accurately represent its viscoplastic behavior at high temperatures as well as account for strain rate sensitivity. The study evaluates the thermal and mechanical response of low-carbon steel slabs having pre-existing voids during multi-pass strands reverse hot-rolling process. Through thickness plastic strains within the slab are found to influence void closure. Results show that variation in void size and locations also affect the healing possibilities. Finally, the effect of thermal history and thermo-mechanical stresses on void closure is studied