Prevalence and age distribution of <i>Cryptosporidium</i> in pigs in Heilongjiang Province, China by microscopy and by PCR.

<p>Prevalence and age distribution of <i>Cryptosporidium</i> in pigs in Heilongjiang Province, China by microscopy and by PCR.</p

The effect of S100A6 on nuclear translocation of CacyBP/SIP in colon cancer cells

<div><p>Background</p><p>Calcyclin Binding Protein/(Siah-1 interacting protein) (CacyBP/SIP) acts as an oncogene in colorectal cancer. The nuclear accumulation of CacyBP/SIP has been linked to the proliferation of cancer cells. It has been reported that intracellular Ca²⁺ induces the nuclear translocation of CacyBP/SIP. However, the molecular mechanism of CacyBP/SIP nuclear translocation has yet to be elucidated. The purpose of this study was to test whether the Ca²⁺-dependent binding partner S100 protein is involved in CacyBP/SIP nuclear translocation in colon cancer SW480 cells.</p><p>Methods</p><p>The subcellular localization of endogenous CacyBP/SIP was observed following the stimulation of ionomycin or BAPTA/AM by immunofluorescence staining in SW480 cells. S100A6 small interfering RNAs (siRNA) were transfected into SW480 cells. Immunoprecipitation assays detected whether S100 protein is relevant to the nuclear translocation of CacyBP/SIP in response to changes in [Ca²⁺]<i>i</i>.</p><p>Results</p><p>We observed that endogenous CacyBP/SIP is translocated from the cytosol to the nucleus following the elevation of [Ca²⁺]<i>i</i> by ionomycin in SW480 cells. Co-immunoprecipitation experiments showed that the interaction between S100A6 and CacyBP/SIP was increased simultaneously with elevated Ca²⁺. Knockdown of S100A6 abolished the Ca²⁺ effect on the subcellular translocation of CacyBP/SIP.</p><p>Conclusion</p><p>Thus, we demonstrated that S100A6 is required for the Ca²⁺-dependent nuclear translocation of CacyBP/SIP in colon cancer SW480 cells.</p></div

Age-specific distribution of <i>Cryptosporidium</i> species in pigs in Heilongjiang Province, China.

<p>Age-specific distribution of <i>Cryptosporidium</i> species in pigs in Heilongjiang Province, China.</p

Genotyping of <i>Enterocytozoon bieneusi</i> in Farmed Blue Foxes (<i>Alopex lagopus</i>) and Raccoon Dogs (<i>Nyctereutes procyonoides</i>) in China

<div><p><i>Enterocytozoon bieneusi</i> is the most common species of microsporidia found both in humans and animals. Farmed animals, particularly closely associated to humans, may play an important role of zoonotic reservoir in transmitting this disease to humans. The fur industry is a major economic component in some parts of China. To understand the prevalence, genotype variety and zoonotic risk of <i>E</i>. <i>bieneusi</i> in farmed foxes and raccoon dogs, two species of fur animals, fecal specimens of 110 blue foxes and 49 raccoon dogs from Heilongjiang and Jilin provinces in China were examined by internal transcribed spacer (ITS)-based PCR. <i>E</i>. <i>bieneusi</i> was detected in 16.4% (18/110) blue foxes and 4.1% (2/49) raccoon dogs. Altogether, four genotypes of <i>E</i>. <i>bieneusi</i> were identified, including two known genotypes D (n = 13) and EbpC (n = 5), and two novel genotypes named as CHN-F1 (n = 1) in a fox and CHN-R1 (n = 1) in a raccoon dog. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that all the four genotypes were the members of zoonotic group 1. Genotypes D and EbpC were found in humans previously. The findings of zoonotic genotypes of <i>E</i>. <i>bieneusi</i> in the foxes and raccoon dogs suggest these animals infected with <i>E</i>. <i>bieneusi</i> may pose a threat to human health.</p></div

Phylogenetic relationship of <i>Enterocytozoon bieneusi</i> genotypes identified in the present study and other known genotypes deposited in GenBank was inferred by a neighbor-joining analysis of ITS sequences based on genetic distance by the Kimura two-parameter model.

<p>The numbers on the branches are percent bootstrapping values from 1,000 replicates. Each sequence is identified by its accession number, host origin, and genotype designation. The group terminology for the clusters is based on the work of Zhao et al. [<a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0142611#pone.0142611.ref026" target="_blank">26</a>]. The squares and circles filled in black indicate novel and known genotypes identified in this study, respectively.</p

Prevalence and MLST subtypes of <i>C. andersoni</i> from dairy cattle and beef cattle.

<p>Note: NE = not examined.</p>a<p>Subtyped no. indicating the number of <i>C. andersoni</i> isolates subtyped successfully by PCR at all the four loci (MS1, MS2, MS3 and MS16); Amplified no. indicating the number of <i>C. andersoni</i> isolates analyzed by PCR at all the four loci (MS1, MS2, MS3 and MS16).</p>b<p>The haplotypes were arranged in accordance with the order of gene loci amplified, MS1, MS2, MS3 and MS16.</p

Genetic characterizations of haplotypes of <i>C. andersoni</i> at MS1, MS2, MS3 and MS16 loci.

a<p>Accession numbers of all the reference sequences from GenBank.</p>b<p>The small letters a to f in the horizontal subheading represent the repeats at the four loci: a = (TAAAGGGCGAGA); b = (GAACGAGATAGG); c = (CCATACCTC); d = (TGTTGGTGTTGCTGT); e = (TGCTGCAGCTGC); f = (CTTCTTCAT).</p

Prevalence and percentage of different <i>Cryptosporidium</i> spp. on farms in Heilongjiang Province, China.

<p>Prevalence and percentage of different <i>Cryptosporidium</i> spp. on farms in Heilongjiang Province, China.</p

Prevalence and distribution of <i>Cryptosporidium</i> spp. in pre-weaned calves in Heilongjiang Province, China by sequence analysis of the SSU rRNA gene.

<p>Prevalence and distribution of <i>Cryptosporidium</i> spp. in pre-weaned calves in Heilongjiang Province, China by sequence analysis of the SSU rRNA gene.</p

MLST subtypes of <i>C.andersoni</i> in cattle in different provinces of China.

<p>MLST subtypes of <i>C.andersoni</i> in cattle in different provinces of China.</p