5 research outputs found

    Ensuring Adequate Water Supply to Disadvantaged Urban Communities in Ghana

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    ABSTRACT Ghana like most developing countries struggles to improve access to water and sanitation to its urban population. Presently many areas within the country do not have access to portable water from the national grid. And in areas served by the approved utility company, water service is mostly erratic and increasingly unreliable. Available evidence indicates that only 61% of urban residents have access to improved drinking water. Within the urban centers are disadvantaged communities which tend to have much lower water supply coverage. However, since such disadvantaged communities are regarded as part of the urban center, their unique needs are often hidden in the aggregate statistics of the larger urban areas. Thus, policy interventions aimed at improving water supply in the urban centers often have very limited effect on the disadvantaged communities. This research theorize that the unique characteristics of disadvantaged communities such as high concentration of low income dwellers, squatter communities and poor infrastructure developments, set them apart from the urban centers in which they exist. This research therefore seeks to answer the question, how do you ensure adequate water supply to disadvantaged urban communities in Ghana. Using the case study methodology, focus group discussion and household surveys, this research explores the unique characteristics of disadvantaged urban communities and how such characteristics can be channeled into finding the right mix of policy interventions to ensure adequate water supply

    The Hamburg Rules

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    The Convention on the Carriage of Goods by Sea (Hamburg rules) was hoped to provide a uniform modern commercial code for the international carriage of goods by sea. However, 26 years after the diplomatic conference and nearly 13 years after it came into force, the rules have not been ratified by the world’s major maritime powers. The main contention of the maritime powers is that the Hamburg rules have increased the liability of the carrier to unbearable levels. The majority of the world maritime powers have thus continued to use the previous rules with some adopting a hybrid of the previous and the existing one. My thesis is therefore to assess the extent to which the Hamburg rules have increased the liability of the carrier. The focus will be on making a comparison between the Hamburg rules and the previous Hague rules, specifically on the provisions of the definition of the carrier, carrier’s period of responsibility, carrier’s obligation and the carrier’s general liability
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